Social Media Essay Example for Free

Social Media EssayA few years ago I jumped on the mixer media bandwagon after existence introduced to it by my husband. I was always a little skeptical about social media because of all negative that I had heard about it. Now, I hump it because there is a lot of positive about social media as far as I am concerned. Social media is an asset to marketing, and it is fun for face-to-face use as well. I am fan of Facebook so I depart discuss how it can direct consumers to a better source of purchasing. A Legally Astute Marketing ManagerAccording to our text a legally astute manger has four servings a set of value-laden attitudes about the splendor of law to the firms success a proactive orgasm to regulation and legal issues the ability to exercise informed judgment when managing the legal aspects of avocation the appropriate use of legal tools and context specific knowledge of the law (Bagley, 2013, p. 11). The legally astute social media marketing manager has to take those c omponents a maltreat further. The legally astute social media marketing manager essential embrace social media and its networking major power to drive sustainable change in the bloodline world.In his book, We First How Brands Consumers Use Social Media To Build A Better World, Simon Mainwaring shows how brands can leverage social media to build consumer goodwill, loyalty, and profit. One of the components of the legally astute manager stresses the splendor of values. The We First value of accountability is what builds trust between institutions and the public and between brands and their consumers. Building trust helps the marketing manager take a proactive approach to regulation and legal issues. Trust is declining daily in todays economy promptly.According to the Edelman Trust Barometer, trust in American companies fell to an incomparable low of 36 percent in 2009, but it rose to an unimpressive 54 percent in 2010. Companies must understand that they cannot by trust, but i t must be earned and renewed. They can be easily exposed these days through social media if they fail to live up their promises. Goodwill is another component of accountability. Trust makes people want to buy from your alliance, and goodwill makes them want to recommend your company to others. The last element of accountability is transparency.Transparency means that individuals and companies must interlace with honesty, credibility, and congruency between their words and deed. Transparency helps the manager stay focused on the law and the use of legal tools. It works against backroom deals, hidden agendas, false pretenses, and unethical conduct. totally of these values of accountability help the legally astute social media marketing manager mitigate the risks involved in doing business in cyberspace (Mainwaring, 2011, pp. 82-83). secondary Dispute Resolution dialogue, mediation, and arbitration are methods of alternative dispute resolution procedures that can help companies mai ntain keep a relationship with an opposing party. Negotiation happens when the two opposing parties engage in give-and take to experience to an agreement. Negotiation can be seen along different dimensions. It can be concerned for upcoming or longingd relationships or it can be seen to address past events that have caused disagreements. Mediation happens when parties agree to a solution with the help of a unbiassed third party. It is a cheaper alternative to a lawsuit, it costs less, and resolutions are speedy.Arbitration is the resolution of a dispute by an arbitrator, the neutral third party. It is the most baronial alternative dispute resolution, and it is more like a trial. I think that mediation is most effective for resolving issues that arise with consumer who make purchases from businesses that provide link up to social media. One reason why I chose mediation is because it is a flexible process, and it allows for different procedures, rules and structures. Mediation is an appropriate option when parties have a desire to settle their dispute, and they want to preserve their relationship.I think that Facebook would want to continue to grow as it is by the zillions so mediation would a beneficial ADR for the company to use. The companys need for privacy would also be a reason for it to use mediation to resolve any genuine disputes that may come about (Bagley, 2013, p. 67-71). Social Media Across State Lines State presidential terms have general powers, also known as police power. These powers include the powers to protect the health, safety, welfare, and morals of evince residents. The Eleventh Amendment immunizes states from lawsuits brought by individuals from another state or nation.There is a Supremacy Clause that makes federal laws supreme everywhere state laws. The federal government should allow the states to have more control over how transactions that occur across state lines are handled. Managers can pursue change through political act ion committees and direct lobbying (Bagley, 2013, p. 92). Three Branches of Government There is a separation of powers within the federal government. The judicial branch, (the courts), the executive branch (the President and cabinet departments), and the legislative branch (the Congress) all make up the federal government.The Constitution provides the judiciary its power through Article I and Article III. Congress has the authority to try out federal courts through Article I and Article III provides the basis for federal courts judicial power. The Presidents executive power is defined in Article II. The President has the power to grant reprieves and pardons for offenses against the United States, and he has extensive power over foreign affairs. He can also appoint Justices of the U. S. arbitrary Court with the advice and consent of the Senate. He also has the power to approve or disapprove acts of Congress.The Legislative Branch consists of the House of Representatives and the Sen ate. They have the power to regulate avocation with foreign nations and among other states, spend to provide for the common defense and general welfare, coin money, establish post offices, levy and collect taxes, issue patents and copyrights, declare war, and emanation and support armies. Congress can also make laws as necessary (Bagley, 2013, pp89-91). In m any ways, peaceful change is the ultimate benefit that social media can offer. Social media can reach millions of people with enough leverage to create change without any violence.Consumers do not have to beat rarify the doors of an irresponsible company. They can use Facebook to gain its cooperation. It is so important to look at the positive role that technology can play and to see how its uses will be increasingly oriented toward meaningful ends. The tools of social media are allowing consumers to shop more consciously.Dozens of websites help weed out wasteful or badly made products. It is easier to get information about companies that are exposed for having unhealthy, unsustainable, or unethical practices (Mainwaring, 2011, pp. 59-160). Campaigns on Facebook work well because its viral communications tools enable monolithic numbers to become aware of an issue and join together quickly. Facebook has been called digital nation. Jared Cohen, a former student of Condoleeza Rice said, Facebook is one of the most organic tools for democracy promotion the world has ever seen. As Facebook began to grow globally, it was also being discussed in the White House Situation Room, where President Bush and his National credential Council staff gathered during crises.Because President Obama mastered digital tools in 2008, it was called the Facebook election (Kirkpatrick, 2010. p. 290). Even though the President is known for his use of social media, mainly Facebook, I think that the legislative branch can effectuate the most significant impact on regulating consumer transactions via social media outlets. One of the powers that it has is to regulate employment with the foreign nations and the states. Because consumer transactions are an element of commerce, I would say that this branch would have the greatest impact.The legislative branch also has another important power that could benefit social media, and that is its ability to make laws as necessary (Bagley, 2013, p. 91). Agency Relationships Agency is considered an important legal relationship in todays business world. Corporations could not function without the law of agency. Facebook introduced engagement ads as a form of advertisement. In its first year engagement ads generated close to a hundred million dollars of revenue. Facebook charges at least $5 per thousand views for those ads. Facebook gives advertisers more targeting options than most websites.Facebook is an awesome marketing tool for many businesses. For a well-known company like McDonalds the number of mentions on the site is in the millions. Facebook is an agent for man y businesses as well. Mazda asked its fans on Facebook to help it design a car for 2018. They received contributions from all over the world. Some consumer-oriented companies now put less emphasis on their website and more on their Facebook page. The relationship between people and companies will continue to evolve rapidly on Facebook and yield some startling developments. It is the perfect platform for building customer loyalty (Kirkpatrick, 2010, pp. 263-265)

Lord of the Flies - Leadership Essay Example for Free

Lord of the Flies Leadership EssayThe ideas of Leadership and charitablekind nature can vanquish be related to an up and coming Hollywood star. They start out all innocent but the fame, fortune, and power catch up with them. It variety shows them, having people carriage up to you and knowing that they will follow everything they do allows you to understand the power that you have. They can end up going out of control and it will change them for the worst. The ability to have this kind of power, for knave, turns him into being obsessive with being the leader of the tribe. When he does not win it makes him really jealous of Ralph.He makes everyone turn on Ralph to befit the unofficial leader. The power drives him crazy and starts to beat on kids on the island for no apparent reason, it even escalades to killing them. It is human nature to have the believe for power, to lead other people, and control them, even though we dont try to the greed can overpower us to do the pe rvert choices. The human nature of wanting power can come for several different reasons such as disceptation to be the leader of the tribe, having too much propensity to be a leader, and when you are ignored by the others.A major reason at that place was greed to have power, in Lord of the Flies, is because there was competition in who would be it. Jack thought he was a shoe-in to be leader since he had the choir to back him up. Instead, Ralph was chosen over Jack. Jack was exceedingly angry that he lost and believed he deserved to be the leader. It was even embarassing to him because Ralph, who beat him out for being the leader, wasnt even interested in winning. Jack became obsessed in having power over the tribe that he was ready to go great lengths to imbibe what he treasured.He made some boys on the island feel like outsiders in order to get the tribe on his side. This is an example why competition is a main reason why there was a greed to have power. A large factor in Lor d of the Flies, especially in Jack, is to have too much desire to be leader. When Jack used to live back in England he went to boarding school. In those days boarding schools were not the greatest places. He had boundaries on where he could go, what he could do and who he could talk too.Virtually, everyday of his life is scheduled. Once getting n this island he was free, he was free to do whatever he wanted. Because he was being confined to such a boring and routine life he wanted more than exemption. He wanted to control the freedom of others, he wanted to be leader. In his mind he was trying to prove he was responsible and could handle it, but what he did was plain inclemency and evil. You get a elephantine impression that Jack never wants to leave this island. This is showing you that Jack you that Jack is one of the first to lose contact with civilization, its human nature to want power but he is going mad.A major key for Ralph to have power is because he was starting to get n eglected by the others. At first Ralph wasnt to fond in being chosen to be leader but knew he had some ideas on how they could get off the island. At first everyone listened to him and they were all excited to work. Then they wanted to hunt Ralph was okay with this because they could use some meat. This was a huge mistake, all they wanted to do was hunt. Ralph held assemblies to get them under control because no one was building shelters or working on the fire, they had lost all discipline The hunters were not felicitous what Ralph was telling him.The hunters were starting to favor the leader of the hunters Jack, because what he was telling seemed to be much more appealing to them. Jack then saw his chance to become the leader they were all frusterated at Ralph so the hunters all got together and moved out to a secluded part of the island. Those who were left behind, including Jack, were left with next to nothing. Ralph lastly realized he was the lows of the lows, he was at Piggys level. This made him want some recognition to get back the status he in one case had so he joined Ralph.Once again its human nature that if you cant beat them you join them. Ralph joined the group knowing it was wrong and through and through joining even lost contact with civilization. He want the power he once had as lesder but becomes a savage through it. Leadership, human nature and the effects it has is shown throughout the novel Lord Of The Flies. How much control we have over our human can make a big difference on our personality and how we react to different confrontations. The chance of having power will come at different times in our life we mustiness choose the time we take them.

Industrial building and copper material

Industrial building and hair material1.IntroductionI grow more than intense as I age.(Florida Scott-Maxwell) strapper is one(a) of the most invariable and aesthetic every last(predicate)y pleasing c over and cladding creams available for domestic to bigger commercial and industrial buildings. The fuzz impresss a protective barrier about it as soon as it reacts to the atmosphere. This allows the material to improve and to stand against the test of time.2. AimThe aim of this report is to introduce the reader to slovenly person as a covering material in the building industry. Standing plication hog crowning and cladding to multi-storey buildings will be the focus of this report.3. Why bruiser?Copper is utilize in the building industry because of its durability and the ease of instalment and workability. A properly installed bulls eye roof will outlast early(a) lineaments of roofing systems. Copper is 100%recyclableand does not lose some(prenominal) quality whether in a raw state or after it was used as a construct product. According to the Copper Development Association (CDA. 2010), hair is one of the most recycled metals, roughly 80% of the atomic number 29 ever mined is still used in some form today.4. History of copper roofsCopper has been a very important material to man since ancient times. So much so that one of the main stages of mankinds history is named after a copper alloy, bronze-age. Copper and its m some(prenominal) alloys founder had a vital role in many an(prenominal) civilizations. In the papistic period it was mined in Cyprus, this resulted to the metal being named Cyprium, this name was later shortened to Cuprum and in conclusion we know it in English as copper.Today, most copper is mined from open cast mines around the world. The copper is extracted from s dismissing large amounts of copper ore, before being refined to the copper we use and know. In the early eighteenth century about 90% of the worlds copper was smelte d in South Wales (COPPER Africa. 2010).Copper has been used as a waterproof roofing material since ancient times. It send word be seen on roofs and domes on todays buildings. It is recognizable by its greenish colourize. This colouring is because of the atmosphere reacting with the copper to form a protective barrier against corrosion around it. Initially, exposed Copper atoms react with the air to form the pink oxide, this is called cuprite. This slowly oxidizes more to the black oxide, called tenorite. When this black oxide gets wet it reacts with sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide from the air to ultimately form the patina, which gives it a green glimmer.Technology and improved techniques happen upon copper the perfect building material for roofing, cladding and the accessories going with roofing systems. much and more pre-fabricated copper products on the market have reduced the cost and this enabled copper to be used in more buildings than in the past.5. Types of roofing sys tems.Copper roofs have been known to last for over 700 years the sub organize rather than the copper itself ultimately fails. The ductility and malleability of copper allows it to form over irregular roof forms and twists. Domes and other curved roof shapes ar a speciality when it comes to copper.New tools and construction methods have been introduced that give living to the quick, correct, and cost-effective founding of copper roofs.Types of copper roofing systems include5.1. Standing line cover Standing seam, the most common system, roofing consists of pre-fabricated or in-situ formed moves. The copper pans and be united together with doubly locked standing seams. Copper supply lock into these seams to fix the roofing to the pes structure. This method go ons the pans or ragtimes from showcaseping down the roof.5.2. Batten pedigree roofBatten seam roofing consists of copper pans that runs parallel to the angle of the roof and is separated by wood battens. The batten s ar then cover with copper get bys that ar fixed to the battens. These copings lock the loose pans into adjacent pans.5.3. Chevron RoofingA common Chevron roof design is based on sane batten seam construction, but secondary battens are fixed to the roof. These extra battens are purely decorative and do not add to the functionality or structure of the roof.5.4. Flat Seam RoofingFlat seam roofing systems are generally used on roofs that are flat or have a very low pitch. Flat seam roofing is constructed of rectangular copper sheets. Two neighbouring sides of the sheets are folded over and two are folded under to lock them in place. Copper cleats are then installed seams to make the roof waterproof.5.5. Horizontal Seam RoofingHorizontal seam roofs consist of copper pans that run horizontally across the roof pitch. At each fix point or edge a step is used to allow neighbouring pans to lock successfully.5.6. Mansard RoofingA Mansard roof is, based and is very similar to standing s eam or batten seam construction.6. Standing Seam Copper Roofing and CladdingStanding seam, the most common system, roofing consists of pre-fabricated or in-situ formed pans. The pans and are joined together with double locked standing seams. Copper cleats lock into these seams to fix the roofing to the base structure. This method prevents the pans or sheets from slipping down the roof.When preformed copper pans are used, they are joined at the top and refuse ends by slanting seams. In-situ formed pans involve the use of copper sheets on rolls which are shaped into pans by electrical pan formers. This allows one to form long, endless pans, this eliminates the need for seams, but if this method is used, one essential allow for enlargement joints due to the expansion and contraction properties of the copper.6.1. General design go outations6.1.1. High WindsIn areas where utmost winds occur, the roof design must be evaluated to make sure the roof can resist the wind forces. High wi nds can put groovy positive or negative pressures on roofs, especially the edges, so the incidenting must ensure that the roof is secure.6.1.2. Heavy RainWhere heavy rain is likely, the precedent must give allot of thought and attention to the slope, seam details, vales, glows and downpipes of the roof. The seam heights can be adjusted if it is necessary.6.1.3. Ice and Snow In areas where in that respect is allot of ice and snow, the designer should make provision for the loads that act on the roof from the weight of the snow or ice. Increasing the slope so that the snow can slide of the roof must be considered.6.1.4. Temperature RangeWhen the temperature fluctuates, the copper and any adjacent materials will expand and contract in divers(prenominal) ways. This should be taken into consideration. This is important when installing components with potential limits to movement in one direction.6.1.5. Building OrientationConsideration should be given to the relationships between t he roof and the direction wind, rain, and sun. The issues discussed above will depend on the orientation of the building.6.1.6. StainingStaining occurs when water that was in contact with the copper runs of and gets absorbed by other materials. Staining of the other materials can be avoided with faithful design. Copper salts form on the go up of a copper sheet due to the inherent weathering of copper. When these salts are mixed with rain water and the water run on to other materials, it will cause the typical green stains. To prevent such stains, the designer must take all option into consideration to prevent run-off onto other adjacent materials. One can use a clear, silicon-based finish on cement go ups to booster protect the surface during the premier(prenominal) and most harsh weathering of the copper.6.1.7. PatinationThe natural weathering process that leads to the green patina to form on the exposed copper takes allot of years. There are processes available to speed up t his process. 6.2. Material6.2.1. Types of copper in the building industryCopper in the building industry is 99.9 % pure copper. There are common chord different types of copper used in the building industry, namely 6.2.1.1. Deoxidized copperThis is copper that contains no oxygen. It is used in plumbing applications where welding is undeniable or for engineering purposes.6.2.1.2. Fire refined tough pitch copperThis copper contains oxygen and is stronger than deoxidized copper. It has high thermal and electrical conductivity and has a higher resistance to corrosion than deoxidized copper. This type of copper is used mainly for roof and cladding applications.6.2.1.3. Electrolytic tough pitch copperThis copper contains fewer impurities than lift refined tough pitch copper and is used for electrical conductors because of its high.6.2.1.4. Lead-Coated Copper Lead-coated copper is a strong, lightweight, durable and easy to install, gray metal finish option of copper. It does not add to the life of a copper roof, but it provided another colour to architectural copper applications. In- amplification, the gray finish offers a solution to the catching issue. The run-off of this metal is less than that of conventional copper, and it doesnt stain the other materials.6.2.2. Hardness in Copper Sheets6.2.2.1. Quarter-hard is defined by its ability to be bent back onto itself along the grain boundary without breaking. 6.2.2.2. Half-hard can be bent 90. 6.2.2.3. Soft is good for decorative applications. The hardness of the metal determines the application. If your copper project involves supporting any kind of weight, stick to harder tempers. 6.2.3. Cold Rolled Copper SheetsCopper comes in many forms and strengths. It is very important to specify the correct grading and type of copper to be used with the specific application. Copper used for a standing seam roofing system comes as a sheet, rolled up in a spool, called roofing copper (Copalcor). The width of the sheet is 60 0mm and comes in thicknesses of 0.50 to 0.70mm.6.2.4. Corrosion ResistanceCopper does not respond to water, but it gradually reacts with the oxygen in the atmosphere. This results in a brown-black copper oxide deposit forming on the surface. This creates a protective stage on the surface that prevents the copper against additional corrosion. Verdigris, a green layer of copper carbonate can be seen on aged copper constructions, like on the Statue of Liberty.6.2.5. Electrical and Thermal ConductivityCopper and its alloys are small conductors of electricity and heat. Copper is the most common of all metals in these applications because of its great properties. Copper alloys have less electrical and thermal conductivity than pure copper.6.2.6. knack of FabricationCopper can be shaped to the required form and dimensions by any of the common fabricating processes. It is unremarkably rolled, pressed, extruded, forged and formed at high temperatures.6.2.7. JoiningMechanical fasteners, s uch as screws, bolts, and rivets are the simplest joining method. They typically do not need specific tools for installation, and it can be taken obscure and be reassembled again.Adhesives can excessively be used in some applications. The strength and reliability of the bond depends on the surface preparation, adhesive selection, and the design of the joint. The three common ways of joining copper and alloys are soldering, brazing, and welding. Where a water crocked seal is required, soldering may be used. Lead or tin-based makeweight metals are typically used. Soldered joints typically depend on mechanical fasteners for strength. This method is used for sealing joints in gutters, roofing, and flashs. Because the filler material does not match copper in colour, soldering should just be used in hidden joints.Brazing is the most preferred method for joining copper pipes and tubes. Colour matching is a problem again. The final metallurgical joining method, welding, is seldom used with copper. Welding uses high temperature or pressure to fuse the metals together.6.2.8. FinishesThere are three generic categories of finishes for copper alloys.6.2.8.1. Mechanical treatmentsMechanical treatments are finishes that are typically applied at the shop by mechanical means. They ordinarily affect only the surface of the copper. There are five standard mechanical designated finishes* As FabricatedThis is the finish after its production process, such as rolling, extrusion, or casting.* BuffedPolishing the copper to a smooth, mirror-like appearance. This is the brightest mechanical finish available.* Directional TexturedWheel or belt polishing with fine aggregates is required for this finish and results in a persisting pattern of very fine, almost parallel scratches.* Non-directional TexturedThis matte finish is mainly used on castings. The copper is usually sandblasted to achieve a authorized degree of roughness. * PatternedA process in which a copper alloy sheet is pr essed between two rolls to produce a pattern.6.2.8.2. chemical substance treatments6.2.8.3. Coatings.6.3. Preparation6.3.1. Surface Preparation The surface preparation is the resembling for all copper roofing systems. The surface must be dry, smooth and free from any sharp edges or objects like nails or screws.6.3.2. Supporting SubstrateStanding seam roofing and cladding requires the installation of a backing substructure that support the copper finish layer,This substrate usually consists of 20 22mm S.A.P tongue and grooved boarding fixed to the main structure. However, any substrate can be installed, as long as the copper has the necessary support. Other backing options include* Chipboard* PlywoodThis decking can be fixed to any main structure like steel or concrete. The design must, however, provide for the installation and fixing of the wood substrate.6.3.3. Fastening the pans to the substrateThere are three ways of fixing the copper sheets to the substrate namely6.3.3.1. Clea ting This is the most frequently used fixing method, because it allows the copper to move, because of expansion and compression under different temperatures. Cleating minimizes the potential for buckling. The cleats are usually spaced at a negligible of 600mm centre to centre and are fixed to the substructure with 2.8 x 22 mm copper clout-headed nails.6.3.3.2. NailingNails are used to fix the cleats to the substrate or in special cases where no movement is wanted, usually at base flashing or at eave ecdysiasts. Only one edge of a strip should be nailed, to allow movement at the other end of the stip. All nails should be flathead, wire ticket nails make from hard copper, brass, or bronze.6.3.3.3. ScrewingThis method is used where the copper must be held in place, such as at a ridgeline lens hood in areas with high winds. It is also used to secure copper to brickwork. Screws must have a commodious or big head to prevent the screw from cutting into the copper. Lead washers may be u sed for additional protection. Where the screw must be water tight, a small copper cap is soldered over the screw head.All fasteners must be of copper or copper alloys to prevent the different materials to react with each other and speed up the corrosion process.6.3.4. Roofing Felt The entire surface should be covered with an accepted and properly specified underlay material secured to the decking with copper clout nails. The underlay, which is usually soaked roofing felt, acts as a pillow, as well as providing temporary weather protection for the roof deck. A sheet of building report must be applied over the felt. Some roofing felt contains tarmac and, because copper conduct heat, the rising temperatures can cause the tarmac to melt and bond the copper to the roofing felt. This restricts the movement of the copper roof and can result in the failure of the system. The building paper acts as a slip sheet to prevent such bonding. 6.4. Equipment and Tools6.4.1. Pan formers and seamers A wide selection of power pan formers and power seamers are available to help with the construction of copper roofs. Power pan formers can take flat sheets of copper and make standing seam roofing pans on direct. The utensils form high quality, consistent pans in any length. The length is only limited by the contractors ability to transport and handle the material. Pan formers can work with various sheet widths and can make pans with varying seam heights. The standing seam is typically 150mm high. Power seamers are used to produce finished standing or batten seams. The seamers clamp onto the sheet of copper and then propel themselves under electrical power to form the seam. They can form seams of almost any length.6.4.2. Panel curving utensil This machine allows the contractor to curve the panels to any radius. Convex or concave forms can be curved.6.4.3. Gutter forming machineThis machine allows the contractor to make gutters on site and install them in workable lengths or secti ons.6.5. Construction and DetailingThis birds-eye view of a standing seam copper roof shows the basic concept.6.5.1. PansStanding seam roofing consists of pre-fabricated or in-situ formed pans. Copper cleats lock into these seams to fix the roofing to the base structure. This method prevents the pans or sheets from slipping down the roof.0.6 mm Copper sheeting with a width of 600 mm is used to form the pans. The end product is pans of 510 mm wide that is joined by forming a 30 mm double welded standing seam as shown below.6.5.2. The Standing Seam System6.5.3. Detail at Parapet WallA copper coping is attached to the higher edge of copper siding using a single lock seam. This cover extends over the parapet and is fixed into a continuous lock strip that is on the back side of the parapet wall.6.5.4. Stepped Flashing DetailStepped flashing is used where a sloped roof meets a masonry wall. A typical example is where a brick chimney rises above a roof. The details shown concentrate on suc h chimney flashings, but apply to other situations as well.There are two ways of installing stepped flashings. One type uses pieces of copper base flashing installed with each course of shingles.The second, most common type uses a single copper runner under the roof covering. This runner is attached before the roofing material is installed. The roof portion of this runner flashing has a hooked edge and is cleated at 300 mm c.c. The base flashing is extended up the wall a minimum of 170 mm (two bricks). This requires the cap flashing to be in two pieces, a flashing and a counter flashing.This stepped flashing is used on the two sloped sides of the chimney. The inflict sides are flashed with a copper apron that covers the roof covering.6.5.5. Detail at ValleyThis detail shows an option for resolving the waterproofing at a valley of a standing seam roof. The copper roofing overlaps the valley flashing a minimum of 150mm and is folded and fixed into a continuous copper strip. The locki ng strip is soldered to the valley flashing.An alternative option is to use a double fold in the valley flashing, as a replacement for of a locking strip. twain methods are shown.6.5.6. Detail at HipThis detail shows a standing seam of a copper hip roof. This method allows the standing seam to be hidden by a ridge cap which allows for both a clean facade and weather tight seal.6.5.7. Detail at GutterThe detail shows the recommended method for the installation of a gutter with copper roofs.A copper gutter is supported by a brass bracket. The upper edge of the gutter extends at least 150 mm onto the roof and is folded over and held by cleats at 300 mm c.c. Copper braces at 750 mm centres can be placed at the mid-points between brackets.If the gutter width is more than 150 mm or in areas with ice and snow, brass straps should also be used to increase the strength of the gutter. These must extend at least 150 mm onto the roof. The area around screws and the strap must be soldered to en sure water tightness.6.5.8. Detail at RidgeTwo options of detailing a ridge are shown. The seams are laid to overlap a minimum of 150 mm from the ridge. InDetail 1, a copper ridge cap is used to fix the standing seams along the ridge. The ridge cap is locked into the top edges of the copper pans. This allows for expansion and contraction. InDetail 2, the ridge is created by a wood batten that is cladded with a copper cap.12.1.1. Detail at Gable12.1.2. Expansion Great care must be given to the contraction and the expansion of copper due to the thermal characteristics of the material. Detail should always allow for expansion and contraction.6.6. MaintenanceBecause of coppers long life as a building material it is exposed to long term pollutants or dirt. The main problem of cleaning copper roofing is that you can permanently stain or damage the copper. The cleaning methods of copper have been perfected over many years.6.6.1. To remove encrusted dirt depositsThe most common cleaning me thod is to devastate the surface with Walnut shell dust at a pressure of about 2 3 bar. This forces the dirt crust to lift off the surface without damaging the copper.6.6.2. To clean unevenly patinated copperUse a sponge to clean the copper. Use a mixture of six parts concentrated phosphorous sulphurous to one part concentrated nitric acid diluted by 50 percent distilled water. Leave the acid solution on the copper for one minute. After the minute wash the roof again with a sponge soaked in sodium bicarbonate solution. Rinse of all the acid with fresh water afterwards.Then you apply ammonium oxalate as a second neutralizer to even out any remains left by the first neutralizer. Rinse off with fresh water afterwards and wipe the cleaned copper with a clean cotton cloth until no colour shows on the cloth. brush the surface again with a cloth soaked with mineral spirits until no colour shows on the cloth.Apply a thin coat of caranda palm wax. When the wax wears off, the copper wil l start its repatination again.This procedure can be used when you replace sections of a patinated copper roof or when you do an addition to an existing copper roof. Treating the existing copper roof will let the new addition patinate together with the existing roof, resulting in an even colour for both the old and the new roofs.7. AvailabilityWhen people think about installing a new roof, copper is not a material that normally comes to mind. Nevertheless, copper has been used on roofs for centuries.The one big disadvantage of copper in South-Africa is that it is expensive and that copper is a material that is stolen and sold for money all around the country.Copper is a good roofing option and there are many locally available manufacturers. One of the biggest suppliers of copper products is Copalcor. Copalcor offers solutions incorporating a wide range of rolled, extruded and forged non-ferrous metal products for the local and international market. Through ongoing development and ex pansion the company maintains its position as a leader in the field of service to South African strategic industries and continues to grow as an exporter worldwide (Copalcor, 2010)Copper roofing is a very specialized industry and wherefore there is not such a wide variety of copper roofing contractors available in South-Africa. A few manufacturers and contactors areClotan Steel (Pty) Ltd. orbicular Roofing Solutions (Pty) Ltd. cuprous Tectonics.8. CostCopper is a very expensive building material. Because copper roofs are very expensive compared to conventional tile roofs, the acquire of copper roofs is not so high in South-Africa. Copper is considered a specialized roof and is therefore a specialized construction, this makes copper roofing expensive.If you consider that a copper roof will outlast almost any other roof and that copper is 100% recyclable, it will be a good investment or addition to any building. It requires almost no maintenance that keeps the cost down.The initial cost for the construction and installation of a copper roof is high but the advantages over shadow the price of the roof.9. Case study9.1. Freedom Park //hapo MuseumCategory CultureLocation Pretoria, South-AfricaArchitect Office of cooperative ArchitectsGAPP Architects / Urban Designers Mashabane Rose Associates MMA Architects, Johannesburg, South AfricaDesign Architect Jeremy RoseProject Architect Dieter Brandt9.1.1. Project DescriptionThe vision for //hapo (the dream), an interpretive centre and Pan-African archive, was to provide an synergistic exhibition space which would convey the history of South Africa over 3.6 billion years. The faade of the building is completely clad with copper sheeting. Frans du Toit, managing director of Cupric Tectronics, tell that Freedom Park is the first copper-clad building of its size in South Africa. Installing the roof sheeting was challenging because there are so many detailed design elements, says du Toit. We used a specialised machine tha t rolled the copper into long, straight sheets that were placed directly onto the building. The contractor had to change their normal installation methods to suit the specific needs of the design. Because there are almost no straight lines, the installation had some degree of difficulty. Copper, which fades over time and is already masking visible colour differences on the facade of Freedom Park, was chosen for a number of reasons. Dieter Brandt says that Copper is an African resource, The idea is that the material will age over time and the patina gives a sense of ancientness. We wanted a material with monochromatic feel and we needed a material to blend in with the brickwork that is typical to Salvokop take village. The metaphor of boulders is enhanced by the varying stages at which the weathering of each copper-clad boulder that is exposed to prevailing weather takes place, says Brandt.9.1.2. ConstructionThe specialists in copper roofing and cladding, Cupric Tectonics, used 70 tonnes of copper on the roof and side cladding of the building. The 0.6 mm copper sheets was profiled and installed on site, directly on the building. Over 9000 m2 of area was covered with copper supplied by Copalcor. The material is 99% pure phosphorous deoxidized copper alloy. (ASTM B152C 12200 half hard copper). A team of 16 well trained specialists worked on the project to complete the copper installations to the building. This was done to ensure that the long pans did not bend out of shape before it could be installed. The copper forms a natural wave like look, also known as oil canning. A state of the art Schlebach manufactured Quadro and profile machine was used to form the pans of the building. The machine was placed on the scaffolding so that the pans could be placed directly on the building for installation.The method used to install the copper to the building is called double standing seam system. This system is based on concealed fixing which means that there is no fixi ng through the sheets ensuring a water tight seal that will last for many years Due to the size of the building and because the copper pans are formed on site, large pans could be made and fitted directly onto the building. On site, pans are formed by using copper in flat sheets on rolls which are bent into pans by electrical pan formers. Long pans can be made that eliminates the need for transverse seams.Long Pan construction details are designed to accommodate for the movement as a result of the expansion and contraction over long spans of copper sheets. The points of stress relief are typically accommodated at eaves, transverse joints (if any), and ridge and base conditions by ensuring that the copper sheet is provided with proper clearances and is secured by expansion fastening devices that will not obstruct thermal Particular building dynamics should be considered before specific copper details are designed. Building expansion joints must be accommodated and properly detailed. Also, building orientation should be taken into consideration. A north sloping roof, for example, will gain more heat than a south sloping roof.All roof penetrations should allow for expansion in the same amounts as the roof panels, voids or spaces should be filled with loose insulation or compressible joint filler10. ConclusionCopper has been use as a roofing material since ancient times. Technology and improved techniques make copper the perfect building material for roofing, cladding and the accessories going with roofing systems. More and more pre-fabricated copper products on the market have reduced the cost and this enabled copper to be used in more buildings than in the past.Standing Seam Construction offers many advantages. The greatest advantages are that it creates a water tight seal because of no sheets are penetrated with concealed fixing and this allows for fast construction that reduces boil costs. Copper Standing Seam construction is a long lasting roof construction with a life time of changing aesthetics.

Self-Reflection of a Teaching Project

Self-Reflection of a Teaching ProjectSelf-reflection refers to an activity or process in which an experience is recalled, considered, and evaluated, usually in relation to a broader purpose. It is a response to past experience and involves conscious recall and examination of the experience as a basis for evaluation and decision-making and as a source for grooming and action. Self reflection is a thinking process in which an individual seriously considers and thoughtfully judges prior experience of the self. The consecutive engagement in reflection commonly leads the self to generate a change in conceptual perspectivesMy brief experience in the project allows me to understand and appreciate the machination of self-reflecting. Recording lessons seems to be pretty much the ultimate method acting of self-reflection. Reflecting back on unmatcheds performance during a lesson is a great way of detecting and ignorevass the strength and weaknesses of a lesson. From preparing, recording t he lesson and finally analyzing the video recording, I have learned a great deal of skills through this project.There are several(prenominal) mistakes that could be avoided in this project. During the recording of the lesson, the classroom should be a proper classroom with no interruptions such as technician and group members moving around. Regarding the attire, the students should have been stop dressed as what a formal class should be. The recording of the lesson could have been better if by using one camera only with only one cameraman. That way we could avoid the unnecessary classroom interruptions with too much cameraman moving around the class.I am determined at once that self-reflection in dogma involves changes in the way we usually perceive teaching and our role in the process of teaching. Teachers who explore their own teaching through critical reflection articulate changes in attitudes and awareness which they believe can benefit their professional growth as teachers, as well as improve the kind of support they countenance their students. Self-reflection is a valuable tool for self-evaluation and professional growth. I believe that experience alone is insufficient for professional growth, but that experience coupled with reflection can be a designerful momentum for teacher development.Self-reflection involves moving beyond a primary concern with instructional techniques and how to questions and asking what and why questions that regard operating instructions and managerial techniques not as ends in themselves, but as part of broader educational purposes. Asking what and why questions give us a certain power over our teaching. We could claim that the degree of autonomy and responsibility we have in our work as teachers is determined by the level of control we can make out over our actions. In reflecting on the above kind of questions, we begin to exercise control and open up the possibility of transforming our everyday classroom life.The proces s Ive asleep(p) through in completing this project allows me to assess my understanding of what being a reflective teacher really means. Ive learned that the method of recording a lesson for deeper analysis is the best way to uncover information about our own teaching techniques in a lesson, information that is inaccessible through other method of self-reflection.There are several things that could have been avoided or improved regarding this project. I felt that the lesson needs to be more formal, or as similar to how a day-to-day classroom would be. In that sense, the students would be more in the mood of formal learning. I would also recommend the use of only one cameraman, as to avoid any other visual interference of the video recording, such as another cameraman moving around trying to record the lesson. later on carrying out and completing this project, I learned that being a teacher is not a simple task that one can just dumbfound back and do their job relaxingly. A good te acher needs to be determined and committed to their work in improving their teaching techniques. Self-reflection is not something to be taken lightly. It is a very important aspect of the step toward improving ones quality as a professional teacher.I understand now that the process of self reflection after teaching practice activities enables student teachers to benefit threefold, firstly, by acquiring contextual knowledge about interpretation of classroom situations secondly, by discerning essential criteria for substantial self reflection and lastly, by developing emergency responses for unexpected teaching challenges.

Positive deviance study of malnutrition

coercive deviance theatre of mal sustainmentIntroductionMalnutrition is the underlying ca accustom of every nonp atomic number 18il out of two deaths in tikeren under 5 eld of suppurate.Bryce J, Boschi-Pinto C, Shibuya K, Black RE, and the WHO Child Health Epidemiology refereeerence Group. WHO estimates of the causes of death in baberen. fizgig 2005 365 1147-52.It is a largely preventable cause of over a trey-3.5 million- of altogether child deaths. Four-Fifths of undernourished children live across 4 regions-Africa, Asia, Western Pacific and the Middle East-. These be last precession nations for action. The first of the millennium development goals was to one- half between 1990 and 2015 the proportion of stack who suffer from hunger.U.N.Mellinium Project 2005. Halving hungerIt stop be done. London and Sterling, VATask force on hunger, 2005. regimen is a miss aspect of child health which is non justifiable as we know that it is a major risk factor for sickness.Lope z AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJL. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006 3671747-57.Inappropriate feeding practices and their consequences are major obstacles to sustainable socioeconomic development and poverty reduction. Governments allow be unsuccessful in their efforts to accelerate development in any epochal long-term sense until optimal child fruit and development, especially finished appropriate feeding practices, is determined.WHO Global Strategy on Infant Young Child Feeding Report of the Secretariat 55th World Health Assembly, April 2002(5)The power by which progress is measured is the prevalence of under heaviness in children under five, specifically, the contribution of children geezerhoodd 0-59 months who fall below minus two standard deviations from the average weight for age of the standard lengthiness population.http//www.unicef.org/progressforchildren/2006n4/ index_undernutrition.htmlWorld Bank Report on 11th May 2006, there is a dominant focus on food supplementation that detracts from aspects that are more crucial for improving child nutritional outcomes, such as improving m other(a)s feeding and caring behavior For example, exactly 40 percent of Indian mothers practice exclusive breastfeeding.Also delivery of services is not sufficiently focuse on the youngest children (under three), who could potentially benefit most(prenominal) from ICDS interventions increment-faltering starts during pregnancy, and approximately 30 percent of children in India are born with low yield weight, and by the age of two years most lifetime growing retardation has taken place, and is largely irreversibleThe flowchart below depicts the interactions between underlying and immediate causes of malnutrition The tyrannical diversion concept which forms the basis of this exact focuses on two direct demeanoural causes of malnutrition at the stick outh old level, namely inadequate dietary ingestion and disease prevention.This culture measures childhood malnutrition using the new growth standards that have been recently released by the World Health Organization. The new standards are based on children from Brazil, Ghana, India, Norway, Oman and the US and adopt a fundamentally prescriptive progression designed to describe how all children should grow rather than merely describing how children grew in a single reference population at a specified time.Garza C, de Onis M. (for the WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group). Rationale for developing a new international growth reference. Food Nutr Bull 2004 25 (Suppl. 1) S5-14.Magnitude of MalnutritionMalnutrition is a amplely familiar problem in India and one of astonishing magnitude. According to the National Family Health Survey 3 (NFHS III, 2005-06), just about a third of Indias children are born underweight, about 44 percent of children under five are underweight, 48 perce nt are stunted, 20 percent are wasted and 70 percent are anaemic. NFHS II (1992-93), more than half (53%) of children below four years of age are under nourished. In 1998, 29.1% children between 1-5 years of age suffered from moderate and 12.3% from monstrous under nutrition. This shows only a gradual decrease in the prevalence of under nutrition in India over twelve years. nutritionary adequacy is one of the key determinants of the health and well being of the children. Under-nourishment not only retardsphysical developmentsolely also hampers the reputationing and cognitive process, leading to sluggish educational, social and economic development, according to Sanjeev Kumar in his study Malnutrition in Children of the Backward States of India and the ICDS Programme.According to the NFHS III data, Tamil Nadu, although considered one of the better performing states, recorded to have nearly 35% of its rural children as undernourished. This value was certainly dishonor than the n ational rural average of 49%, but according to the NNMB survey based on the NCHS standards in 2001, there was a rise in the levels of severe malnutrition in both boys and girls in the under 5 age group in Tamil NaduTherefore the focus of this study is to investigate how some children living in the same surroundings escape the ill-effects of malnutrition and thrive in spite of poverty and limited resources, and use these practices to eliminate malnutrition among the rest.The Positive Deviance Approach and its benefitsPositive Deviance is based on the fact that solutions to some friendship problems already exist within the community and need to be discovered. It is a strength-based or asset-based approach based on the belief that in every community there are certain individuals (Positive Deviants) whose special, or uncommon, practices and behaviours enable them to mother better ways to prevent malnutrition than their neighbours who share the same resources and face the same risks.Th rough a dynamic process called the Positive Deviance Inquiry (PDI), these practices are discovered to contribute to a better nutritional outcome in under nourished child This intervention is designed to enable families with malnourish children to learn and practice these and other beneficial behaviours. The programme actively involves the mother and child in rehabilitation and learning in a berth like blank space and work to enable the families to sustain the childs enhanced nutritional spot at home. The typical session consists of nutritional rehabilitation and education over a twelve-day distributor point followed by home visits.The development of a community-based nutrition rehabilitation model called PD/ home was promoted by USAID and other international organizations such as UNICEF.The Hearth approachIn the Hearth approach, caregivers of malnourished children practice new cooking, feeding, hygiene and caring behaviours shown to be successful for rehabilitating malnourishe d children. The selected practices come from both the findings of the Positive Deviance Inquiry and emphasis behaviours highlighted by public health experts. The Hearth session consists of nutritional rehabilitation and education over a twelve-day period followed by home visits.The Hearth approach promotes behaviour change and empowers caregivers to take responsibility for nutritional rehabilitation of their children using local knowledge and resources. After two weeks of being ply additional high-calorie foods, children become more energetic and their appetites emergence. Visible changes in the child, coupled with the learning by doing method, results in improved caregiver confidence and skills in feeding, child care, hygiene andhealth-seeking practices. Improved practices, regardless of mothers education levels, enhance child growth and development. This approach successfully take mountains malnutrition in the target community by enabling community members to discover the wisd om of Positive Deviant mothers and to practice this wisdom in the workaday Hearth sessions.Positive Deviance/Hearth is an impelling tool in discovering the solutions from within.Need for the StudyMaternal and child under nutrition is highly prevalent in low and middle income countries like ours, resulting in change magnitude mortality rate and overall disease burden.It is well recognised that among the basic and underlying causes of under nutrition include environmental and economic factors with poverty having a central role. olibanum for a sustainable solution to this very common problem, there needs to be an ecological and holistic approach rather than the current and commonly used approach of the government giving supplementary feeds to those who are malnourished. The latter approach not only puts a financial strain on the government but also make the community members dependent on this external aid. Therefore this study concentrates on identifying affordable and sustainable solutions within a community which can be used to prevent undernutrition. This approach is also not resource hungry unlike the traditional approaches where the focus is on finding and fixing what is amiss(p) and missing in the community rather than identifying what is already working and build on the strengths of exist healthy practices within the community that is protecting them from undernutrition even though they are faced with same constraints of resources. This approach is known as the Positive Deviance approach.Knowledge shared by this approach not only changes behaviour but also changes how a community perceives malnutrition and their ability to change the situation. The Positive Deviant approach has been shown in other studies and projects to quickly eliminate malnutrition and through the sustainable new behaviour the younger siblings have also received these benefits. Positive deviance is a successful approach to decrease malnutrition and has enabled hundreds of commun ities the world over to reduce and prevent malnutrition. This approach is also culturally acceptable which helps bring about change in our society.However, there are only a few studies that use this concept to reduce malnutrition in India, whereas the potential here is very high. And , although Tamil Nadu has shown gains in terms of reduction of the problem of malnutrition, it still has a high percentage of malnourished children and therefore this study was undertaken to estimate prevalence in fourteen villages within the rural field practice scene of action of the department of community medical specialty of PSG Institute of Medical Science and Research and explore the feasibility, sustainability and effectiveness of combating the problem by using the Positive Deviance concept and approach.Tamil Nadu has a high prevalence of malnutrition. Recently, there has been a paradigm shift in the primary focus from Management of Malnutrition to Prevention of Malnutrition. Towards achieving this, strategies and activities have been proposed under various components for the year 2006-07 with priority for greater attention on the health and nutritional status, by the Government of Tamil Nadu. One of the guiding principles suggested to help achieve Malnutrition free Tamil Nadu, is effective nutrition intervention, and communication to bring about behavioural change. To help achieve this goal, this study was undertaken in fourteen villages under the rural field practice area of the department of community medicine of PSG Institute of Medical Science and Research using the Positive Deviance concept.ObjectivesTo estimate the prevalence of under 3yrs undernutrition in 14 villages of Vedapatti.To identify Positive Deviant practices in the community.To rehabilitate undernourished children identified in the most affected village.To reassess families at their homes after 6 months and ensure sustainability of Positive Deviant practices.Review of literatureClassification of under nutritionUnder nutrition is defined as the outcome of insufficient food intake and repeated infectious diseases. It includes being underweight for ones age, too short for ones age (stunted), dangerously thin for ones height (wasted) and deficient in vitamins and minerals (micronutrient malnutrition) according to UNICEF. Low weight for age is termed as underweight.Weight for age classifications are widely used in assessing nutritional status of children as it gives a picture of both bully and chronic onset malnutrition. The earlier classifications include Gomez, Indian Association of Paediatrics, and Welcome. These classifications use different reference standards, but the current recommended standards are the WHO references.This study uses the WHO references to classify underweight. In a study done by Bridget Fenn and Mary E. Penny across three countries, fewer children were classified as underweight according to the WHO classification when compared to the NCHS reference standards. Another study done by Marc-Andre Prost et al showed contrasting results. The WHO standards gave a prevalence of underweight 3.6 times higher early in infancy,0 4 months (6.1% against 1.7%) and half the estimated prevalence of the NCHS reference in the second half of infancy, 11 15 months(6.6% against 13.6%)Implication of New WHO Growth Standards on Identification of Risk Factors and Estimated Prevalence of Malnutrition in Rural Malawian InfantsMarc-Andre Prost1*, Andreas Jahn1,2, Sian Floyd1, Hazzie Mvula2, Eleneus Mwaiyeghele2, Venance Mwinuka2, Thomas Mhango2, Amelia C. Crampin1,2, Nuala McGrath1,2, Paul E. M. Fine1, Judith R. Glynn1In a study done by P.R. Deshmukh et al , in Anji, Maharashtra, the prevalence of underweight as assessed by WHO standards was evidentially lower when compared with the assessment based on NCHS reference (p0.05).Newly Developed WHO Growth Standards Implications for Demographic Surveys and Child Health Programs P.R. Deshmukh, A.R. Dongre, S.S. Gupta and B.S. GargPrevalence of under nutritionThe World Bank estimates that India is ranked 2nd with 47% after Bangladesh for the most number of children who suffer with malnutrition (in 1998). The prevalence of underweight children in India is among the highest in the world, and is nearly two-fold that of Sub-Saharan Africa with dire consequences for mobility, mortality, productivity and economic growth.According to the National family health survey -3 the percentage of under 3 children who were underweight in Tamilnadu were 33.2 % (31.3% in the urban areas and 34.8% in rural areas)The National Nutrition Monitoring Bureau observed that in about 40% of the households, the intake of dietary energy by preschool children was inadequate. just about 55% of the preschool age children were underweight, 52% were stunted and 15% were wasted.In a study done by Bhanderi D et al, the prevalence of under weight (wt. for age below 2SD) was 43.67%.An epidemiological study of health and nutritional s tatus of under five children in semi-urban community of Gujarat.Bhanderi D, Choudhary SK.A study done to find the prevalence of malnutrition in Uttar Pradesh showed that the maximum over all prevalence of malnutrition was in the age group of 13-24 months. The maximum number of grade IV malnutrition was found in the age group 25-36 months.Harishankar, Shraddha Dwivedi, S.B. Dadral, D.K. Walia, nutritional status of children under 6 years of age Indian daybook of Preventive and Social Medicine. Vol. 35 No.3 4 2004Methods of assessing nutritional statusNutritional assessments can be done by both direct and indirect methods. The method used can result in a wide variation in the prevalence of malnutrition.P. Mohanan et al in their study evaluated the efficacy of Body Mass Index, Mid-Arm Circumference and Weight-for-age in detecting Malnutrition in terms of sensitivity, specificity and prophetic value and concluded that weight-for-age is the best indicator.P.Mohanan, A.Kamath, B.Motha, M.Philip. Evaluation of Anthropometric Indices of Malnutrition in under-five children. Indian Journal of Public Health 1994 July-September28 (3) 91-94.A Comparison of Anthropometric Methods for Assessing Nutritional Status of Preschool Children in the Philippines was done to identify the most reliable anthropometricmeasurements that reflect nutritional status and the Dugdales nutritional index, weight/height, was a reliable measurement for malnutrition. This is exceptionally useful when the age of the child is not know.A Comparison of Anthropometric Methods for Assessing Nutritional Status of Preschool Children The Philippines Study Marilyn D. Johnson, MS,William K. Yamanaka, PhDandCandelaria S. Formacion, MSFactors associated with malnutritionGenderA case-controlled study conducted in a rural area in Tamil Nadu, India, on 97,000 children showed that female gender was a significant risk factor for malnutrition.YALE JOURNAL OF BIOLOGY AND medication 70 (1997), pp. 149-160. Copyrigh t C 1997. All rights reserved. A Case-Control Study of Maternal Knowledge of Malnutrition and Health-Care-Seeking Attitudes in Rural South India Kaori Saito, Joshua R. Korzenika, James F. Jekel and Sara BhattacharjiAlso another study in Tamilnadu on a total of 2954 children attending the TamilNadu Integrated Nutrition Project (TINP), showed that there was an experience between female sex and malnutrition. In this study the malnourished children were referred to as negative deviants.Use of Positive-Negative Deviant Analyses to Improve Programme Targeting and Services Example from the TamilNadu Integrated Nutrition ProjectMEERA SHEKAR, JEAN-PIERRE HABICHT AND MICHAEL C LATHAMGirls showed only a slightly higher level of prevalence of malnutrition in the study done by The Research and Special Studies Division of the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri LankaA study done in the slums of Chandigarh on 1286 preschool children found no significant gender difference. This study shows si milar reports as our study in Vedapatti.H.M. Swami, J.S.Thakur, S.P.S.Bhatia, Vikas Bhatia. Nutriotional status of preschool children in an ICDS closing of Chandigarh. Journal og Indial Medical Association 99(10) 554-556The sex of the child was found to be significantly high in association to malnutrition. The percentage of female children that were malnurished was higher in school going children.Epidemiology of malnutrition in a rural field practice are of Navi Mumbai By Sumedha Joshi and Santosh S. Walgankar Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine Vol 35, 1 and 2, 2004Mothers LiteracyThe Research and Special Studies Division of the Department of Census and Statistics, Sri Lanka, undertook a methodological study to investigate the prevalence of malnutrition in children under five years of age, and the factors lend to such a situation. The study found that 25% of pre-school children that were undernourished had mothers who had not gone beyond the primary level of school ed ucation. The effected proportion dropped to 11% when the mother has had at least(prenominal) secondary education.Mother literacy was found in this study to have a positive effect on bringing down the incidence of malnutrition in socio-economically backward villages somewhat Agra.Positive Deviance determinants in Young Infants in rural Uttar Pradesh by Vani Sethi1, Sushma Kashyap1, Veenu Seth1 and Siddharth Agarwal, Department of Foods and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, New Delhi, India. Indian Journal of Pediatrics Volume 74, June 2007.Sandip Kumar et al in a study among 600 under 5 children in West Bengal showed that illiteracy of both parents was a significant risk factor for malnutrition.Sandip Kumar Ray, Anima Halder, Biswajit Biswas, Raghunath Mishra, Satish Kumar. Epidemiology of Under Nutrition. Indian Journal of Pediatrics 2001 November 681025-1030.Socio-economic statusThis study in 2003 on 4187 children showed contrasting results in Nigeria. The southeast and southwester n United States regions had large inequalities between the poor and the rich whereas northeast and northwest regions had a considerably small gap between the rich and the poor on malnutrition. victimisation extended concentration and achievement indices to study socioeconomic inequality in chronic childhood malnutrition the case of NigeriaOlalekan A Uthmancorresponding author1,2A study done in mebibyte under 5 children in Rajasthan showed that 82% of the malnourished children belonged to the socio economic classes 4 and 5.Nutritional disorders in rural Rajasthan A.L.Soni1, R.N.Singh1and B.D.Gupta. Indian Journal of Peadiatrics, May, 1980,Vol 47 199-202.A case-control study of maternal knowledge of malnutrition and health-care-seeking attitudes in rural Tamilnadu, showed that socio-economic status was a stronger risk factor for malnutrition than health-care availability and health-care-seeking attitudes.A case-control study of maternal knowledge of malnutrition and health-care-seeki ng attitudes in rural South India, Saito K,Korzenik JR,Jekel JF,Bhattacharji S.Birth orderThe study done by Vani Sethi et al also evaluated other factors that contribute to malnutrition in the society and found that third or earlier born infants escaped malnutritionPositive Deviance determinants in Young Infants in rural Uttar Pradesh by Vani Sethi1, Sushma Kashyap1, Veenu Seth1 and Siddharth Agarwal21Department of Foods and Nutrition, Lady Irwin College, New Delhi, India. Indian Journal of Pediatrics Volume 74, June 2007Another study in Uttar Pradesh observed that grade III malnutrition was absent in the children whose birth order was one and two. A significant rise in Malnutrition was found in the children of birth order IV and above.Health and Population Perspectives Issues 4(2)106-112, 1981A community based, cross-sectional study was conducted in the Mollasimla village of Hooghly district of West Bengal, showed a significantly higher proportion of malnutrition was found to be present among female children of higher birth order and those belonging to families with lower per capita income compared to the males.Gender inequality in nutritional status among under five children in a village in Hooghly district, West Bengal. Dey I,Chaudhuri RN.PROTEIN ENERGY MALNUTRITION IN CHILDREN A CASEFOR THE NEED OF A PLANNED FAMILY Deoki Nandan*, J. V. Singh** and B. C SrivastavaA study done by Harishankar et al showed that the highest percentage of malnourished children was seen in the first born children (47.2%) and the least in children with birth order 3 and above (17.8%)Harishankar, Shraddha Dwivedi, S.B. Dadral, D.K. Walia,Nutritional status of children under 6 years of age Indian Journal of Preventive and Social Medicine. Vol. 35 No.3 4 2004SpacingThe same study in Uttar Pradesh, by Deoki Nandan et al also studied the relationship to spacing and malnutrition showed that there was a direct association between Protein energy Malnutrition and less spacing between s ibilings.Health and Population Perspectives Issues 4(2)106-112, 1981. Protein Energy Malnutrition In Children A Case For The Need Of A Planned Family Deoki Nandan*, J. V. Singh** and B. C SrivastavaStudies using Positive Deviance conceptsThe successful application of the PD approach has been documented in more than 41 countries in nutrition and a mixing of other sectors from public health to education to business.Positive deviance is not specific to nutrition practices, but can be used for many other behaviours.Refhttp//www.positivedeviance.org/PD_Evaluation_Report_for_DEPKES_FINAL.pdfPositive Deviance was used in two Colombian hospitals to combat the spread of MRSA Infection. All hospital staff up to the security obtain involved themselves by reminding the visitors to practice good hand hygiene. As a result the infection rates have dropped down my more than 75% from 1.1 infections per 1000 patient days to less than 0.2 infections per 1000 patient days.Ref http//www.positivedev iance.org/projects/healthcare.html?id=49In West Bengal, India, ICDS has undertaken pilots projects in the use of the PD approach in Nutrition and Child Care Program (NCCP) in 4 districts to improve the nutritional status of children under three years of age. The projects substantially decreased the number of malnourished children by promoting good care practices. The PD informed project enabled families to break the dependence on donated food, by identifying cheap locally open and bringing it daily to the NCC session to prepare and feed their malnourished children. Every month the malnourished child is weighed and in most cases, mothers find their children gaining weight between 100 and 600 gm.Refhttp//www.positivedeviance.org/projects/nutrition.html?id=77Refhttp//www.unicef.org/india/nutrition_1557.htmIn 1990 Save the Children initiated a PD program in Viet Nam to enable poor villages to address the pervasive problem of childhood malnutrition. At that time 60% of children under th e age of 5 suffered from malnutrition in Viet Nam. The initial pilot project was in the first 4 villages. In each of the villages, half dozen of the poorest families with well nourished kids were chosen and caretakers were questioned and observed. In every instance where a poor family had a well-nourished child, the mother or father was collecting piddling shrimps or crabs or snails (the size of one joint of one finger) from the rice paddies and adding these to the childs diet along with the greens from sweet potato tops. Although readily available and free for the taking, the conventional wisdom held these foods to be inappropriate, or even dangerous, for young children. Along with these food and atypically strict hand hygiene in 5 of the 6 PD households, other positive deviant behaviors emerged, involving frequency and method of feeding and quality of care and health-seeking behaviors. Through the PD inquiries, community members had discovered for themselves what it took for a v ery poor family to have a well-nourished child. Rehabilitation started as for two weeks every month, mothers or other caretakers would bring their malnourished children to a neighbors house for a few hours every day. Together with the health volunteer, they would prepare and feed an extra nutritious meal to their children. This showed great success by reducing malnutrition by as much as 80%. The project was then applied in large scale reaching more than 2 million people and in 250 communities and sustainabily rehabiliteted 50,000 malnourished children under the age of 5. This is probably the best known and best documented large scale application of PD.Ref http//www.positivedeviance.org/projects/nutrition.html?id=105In Nepal a PD project to cover more than 8000 children under 3 years of age from 15 very disadvantaged communities was started with an aim of reducing child malnutrition in a sustainable manner. Positive practices regarding child feeding, caring, health seeking and matern ity care are identified from the poor families having well nourished children through the PDI and then are made accessible to the families with malnourished children through a learning by doing process.Ref http//www.positivedeviance.org/projects/countries.html?id=82In the year 2000 a Positive Deviance Inquiry to identify specific behaviors and strategies that contribute to healthy pregnancy outcomes amongst poor women was conducted. The inquiry determined that mothers-in-law played a central role in assisting women in obtaining medical care. Low-income women with weight gain greater than 1.5 kg per month in the second trimester ofpregnancy reported multiple antenatal care contacts, increased rest during pregnancy, and more consumption of meat and vegetables. These results were incorporated into a program for 200 women that resulted in a decrease in the prevalence of low birth weight.Ref http//www.positivedeviance.org/projects/public_health.html?id=117The following is illustrative of the impact of Positive Deviance over the last 15 yearsSustained 65 to 80% reduction in childhood malnutrition in Vietnamese communities, reaching a population of 2.2 million people. Significant reduction in childhood malnutrition in communities in 41 countries around the world. Reduction in neo-natal mortality morbidity in Pashtun communities in Pakistan and minority communities in Vietnam with near universal adoption of protective behaviors and social change. Estimated 50% increase in primary school student retention in 10 participating schools in Missiones, Argentina.Community intervention methods to combat under nutrition conventional nutrition interventions include growth monitoring, counselling and the provision of supplemental foods and micronutrients But over decades the weighing of children undertaken by several National health ministries has brought little or no change to the nutritional status. In fact, in a study done by Sridhar Seetharaman, in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasth an, it was found that the Mid Day Meal did not make any appreciable and significant impact on improving the nutritional status of the children.Impact Of Mid Day Meal On The Nutritional Status Of School Going Children, Sridhar Seetharaman, NIRD, HyderabadZulfiqar A Bhutta et al used a cohort model to study the interventions that affect maternal and child undernutrition and nutrition-related outcomes. The interventions included onward motion of breastfeeding strategies to promote complementary feeding, with or without provision of food supplements micronutrient interventions general supportive strategies to improve family and community nutrition. They found that these interventions could reduce stunting at 36 months by 36% mortality between birth and 36 months by about 25% and disability-adjusted life-years associated with stunting, severe wasting, intrauterine growth restriction, and micronutrient deficiencies by about 25%.prof Zulfiqar A Bhutta PhDa, Tahmeed Ahmed PhDb, Prof Robert E Black MDc, Prof Simon Cousens PhDd, Prof Kathryn Dewey PhDe, Elsa Giuglianif, Batool A Haider MDa, Prof Betty Kirkwood PhDd, Saul S Morris PhDd, Prof HPS Sachdevg, Meera Shekar PhDhand for the Maternal and Child Undernutrition Study Group, Lancet Volume 371, 8 February 2008, Pages 417-440Reasons for age selectionCare is an important determinant of nutritional status. It determines the delivery of food and health care resources to the child by optimizing the existing resources to promote good health and nutrition in children.Ramakrishnan U. UNICEF-Cornell colloquium on care and nutrition of the young child-planning. F Nutr Bull 1995 16 286-92.The first two years of life are the window of opportunity to prevent early childhood undernutrition that causes largely irreversible damage. This is proved by the following studies across the world.Study shows more benefit from reaching all at-risk children

discipline Essay -- essays research papers

The Practice of DisciplineCertain challenges in life back tooth be described as being inevitable. Nearly every nonpareil must face such typical events throughout the course of their life where surpassing a specific challenge is a sign of growth and experience, and, having been dealt with, such a trial is not expected to arise again. Most individuals in our night club are old(prenominal) with such periods in their lives where they were made to begin walking as infants, coached into learning how to ride a bicycle later on, encouraged to start driving a car during the teenage years, earned a high school and/or college degree, etc. Such challenges and ordeals are expected. They are perceived as being all natural and acceptable. Society encourages the pursuit of them and rewards their conquering. Many of us, however, face challenges of a diametric sort in our lives. These challenges stem from decisions made by the individual, not by society or its norms. In fact, the very reason wh y such a decision quite often sets challenges ahead for the individual who makes it is due to the fact that it goes on the whole against societal expectations. The initial conscious decision to go against the grain and not fall into line often sets the stage for a slue of hardships and tribulations, and, chances are it get out result in a life-long battle to maintain devotion. I made such a decision. Around the age of 17, I began to notice that my belief outline was becoming increasingly opposed to that of my peers, my family, and even some good friends. For the first time, I began thinking nigh what I truly believed in and about the steerage in which I was headed. One would be hard pressed to find an individual who has not experienced distress over such thoughts. At one time or another, pressure from these or similar thoughts ordain plague just about everyone during their lives, especially throughout the teen years. The differences in the individual will be shown and defined through the kind of choices that are made during such a period. At that point, when the questions concerning my identity first came into play, I was not much different from the average adolescent. However, when I began to ponder precisely how and what I felt about many pressing issues in my life, I noticed my opinions were quite contrary to those verbalised by most people a... ...e I know where I stand is where others will fall. Unfortunately, standing up for ones beliefs can, at times, bring about instances of very open physical aggression from those who are in opposition of that individual. I witnessed this first hand on a night when I was approached by a fellow student while exiting my dorm hall at school. He had noticed the Xs on my hands, a prominent token and show of expression in the Straightedge community. The interaction began when the young manwho, ironically enough, was intoxicated at the timeproceeded to pin me against a wall and scream in my face which was quickly fo llowed by some hateful words expressing his contempt for the Straightedge lifestyle and an invitation to engage in a fight. During, and directly following, the event, I was in a total state of shock, for I was not used to opposition quite that extreme. Though seemingly ridiculous and unfair at the time, this experience was indeed a wake up call that helped to reiterate the fact that my decision to go against the norm is not, and never will be, an easy task. The main purpose here is to educate. By using examples and sharing I hope to help others.

Flat Tax Essay -- Economics

Flat TaxAn Analysis of the Flat Tax Rate trunkShould the matted evaluate direct system be implemented? No, the flat tax rate system should not be implemented. In this paper, the pro arguments will be presented, which will corroborate the thesis. Then the con arguments will be presented. A rebuttal will then follow, and finally, the authors conclusion will be offered.The loudest clamor against the flat tax would come from fundamentowners, Realtors, and builders, who would be hammered as the flat tax does away with deductions for mortgage interest payments and local property taxes. If not negotiated with skill, this issue could be the flat tax movements Achilles heel. An analysis by the economic consulting firm DRI/McGraw-Hill estimates that the market value of all homes could swing out by 15 share if the tax were introduced without a phase-in period. The brunt of the blow would be borne by those in middle and upper income groups. The flat tax could cause mortgage interest rate s to drop by a full percentage point, which would chore up prices. But even so, the DRI economists calculate that were the flat tax enacted with no phase-in period, the price of a $150,000 home could fall to $113,571, a decline of 24 percent. (Dishman 39)Middle class votes who have most of their money tied up in home and hearth will scream blue murder. Nor will they be soothed by economists armchair arguments that the governments roughly $80-billion-a-year tax subsidy to owner-occupied housing has led to a Brobdingnagian overbuilding of the nations housing stock. Roger E. Brinner, DRIs chief economist, figures the plunge in housing value would wipe out more than $1.5 trillion of householders net worth. The collapse of the housing market and new home construction, Brinner predicts, would slice 1.2 percent off GDP the year after the flat tax passed, and 1.6 percent in the second year. (Dishman 39)A potentially troublesome law lurks in the flat tax plan of House Majority Leader Richa rd Armey. The Armey flat tax plans to eliminate business exemption for most fringe benefits, especially employer paid health care. Flat tax enthusiasts like Harvard University economist Dale Jorgenson argue that employers, who look at the total cost of compensation, would simply increase their employees cash compensation, leaving them free to purchase their own health insurance. In theory, the workers then bec... ...rth noting that, for the politician who withdraws money from a campaign fund for personal use, even if it is unlawful to do so, this is taxable under the present law. But it appears to be tax-free under the flat tax. The regular(prenominal) wage earner certainly has the right to be skeptical about this fair and honest tax. (Robertson 26)In conclusion, it is clear that the flat tax rate is not a good concept which would be beneficial to the people. The current tax system, for now, is by far the better choice.BibliographyWorks CitedAstrikson, John, Flattening Taxes, Cons umer Reports December 1995, 34-37Darell, Bobby, Modern Economy, New York Harper, 1994Dishman, Kris, The skill of Taxation, New Haven Yale, 1996Flanegan, Jim, The Treasury, Cambridge Harvard UP, 1995Henderson, Margaret. A Look at the Economy, New York Dell, 1994McAfee, Charles, The National Debt, New York Appleton, 1993McNamara, Ellen, Your Tax Dollars at Work, New York Bowker, 1995Miller, Shawn, Commerce and You, New York Norton, 1996Robertson, Oliver, Learning the System New York Grove, 1994Tarik, Alfred, The Economy and the System Boston Houghton, 1993