Humour and Satire in Urdu Literature

Funniness and Satire In Urdu Literature Taken Gull* and Tableaus Abstract Humor and Satire are a fundamental piece of all types of writing; and when the heartbreaking piece of a show/story gets agonizing, humor/parody give a truly necessary redirection and help. This article analyzes the impact of diversion and parody concerning a portion of the main men of letters of Urdu writing. Watchwords: Humor, Satire, Urdu, Literature It is hard for individuals to consistently lead a grave and sad life. They require beguilement, mental unwinding and diversion or something to that affect. Cleverness is the most appropriate and Innocent choice for this purpose.Humor can be verbal, visual or physical. Non-verbal types of correspondence for instance †music and craftsmanship can likewise be silly. Since writing is the copy of life it produces genuine, inconspicuous and fragile abstract pieces yet in addition the requirement for gentle, develop and smooth arrangements has consistently been ache d for to urge and wheedle the perusers. To keep up the consistency and unfaltering quality of life the components of funniness and parody are constantly required. Pervasively diversion and parody are utilized as a compound sort yet they are two unique words having two unmistakable meanings.Simon Waistlines is of the assessment cap humor is the weapon of unarmed individuals: it helps individuals who are abused to grin. Actually, humor succeeds where shrewdness falls flat. Stephen Lacked declares: â€Å"Humor may likewise be characterized as the generous thought of the Incongruities of life and the masterful articulation thereof. I think this is the best I know, since I composed it myself. † 1 This arrangement shows three significant perspectives, which are the ‘Irregularities of life', ‘kindly consideration' and ‘artistic expression'.The first point clarifies that a humorist doesn't take a gander at the Irregularities Taken Gull, Assistant Professor, Zinnia C ollege for Women, University of Appeaser. ** Tableaus laved, Lecturer, Zinnia College for Women, college of Appeaser. * Taken Gull and Tableaus Saved of life hatefully rather gets interested with them, the second Is that he manages comic circumstances and grimness of life and the third point clarifies that a humorist receives an exceptionally able way of depicting such entertaining circumstances as opposed to introducing them in a dull and exhausting way.Moving on to the better 50% of diversion that Is parody, mockery and sneer as characterized by the reference book Britannica; â€Å"Satire In Its abstract viewpoint, might be characterized as the articulation In satisfactory terms of the feeling of delight or sicken energized by the strange or graceless, gave that scholarly structure without humor, parody is denunciation; without artistic structure, it is simple clownish Jeering†2 Babul-al-Jeez Hafted Suicide characterizes parody in the accompanying words: â€Å"The comic ci rcumstances of life which can be brought up and the derisive parts of life which can be contradicted and amusingly censured are named as satire†. The procedure of mockery imparts a ton to medical procedure. As a specialist analyzes and opens p the human body so as to remove it by the tainted segment, likewise a humorist distinguishes the imprudences of the general public and removes it of the corruptive issues. Despite the fact that it is valid and conceded that a humorist unquestionably has the energy and zest of elatedness and matchless quality present in him. Whatever a humorist targets he shows his irritation towards it and is covetous adjust and desire it. Maybe the component of compassion is missing which is viewed as the soul of humor.ABA-AH-Chair considering, states: â€Å"Those comedians who remove entertainment and snicker at the weakness of individuals can never arrive at the statures. A decent comedian is a barbarous specialist and mercilessly dismembers yet in hi s parody there are no indications of individual retribution or emptiness. His sole object is valuable and to present a positive change. The goal of his specialty is to call attention to the revoltingness of life and to decorate society. â€Å"4 Whether it is parody or diversion both require truthfulness and constancy, while, preference, affectedness and self image are totally viewed as harmful for them.Making someone a subject of cleverness or immersing somebody based on close to home feelings of resentment is a finished infringement of the principles and is The Dialog 179 Volume VII Number 2 Humor and Satire in Urdu Literature amazingly modest in itself. That is the explanation, why in each writing it is viewed as the silliness and parody of the least degree. In opposition to this, the sincere delight or dismay of brain and thought offers essentialness to humor and parody. At that point the most troublesome part of this ability is to condemn your own self.To scorn others and make them the objective of horseplay is nearly simple however to ridicule at oneself happily is most troublesome thing on the planet. It is along these lines appropriately said by Shabby-LU-Hosannas that lone those countries are viewed as edified who can ridicule their shortcomings. 5 Satire can just develop and create in such social orders where individuals have reasonable and down to earth approach towards life. Just those individuals offer space to parody who have the persistence and will for change.Rehashed Mad Suicide says that cleverness and parody can just create in those nations and countries who are autonomous and esteem freedom. In any case, this class can't develop among the countries who are bound in the shackles of subjection. Among the individuals where divine beings and better than average and quality amusingness and parody. Mockery uncovered before the perusers the individual indiscretion and mortification of others which must be taken care of by a develop psyche of respe ctable taste and taught mentality. To put it plainly, it is a sort whose peruser isn't just ready to see the flaws of others however their own wrongdoings as well.The component of diversion makes this kind carefree, Jovial, personal and irresistible. It is hence important that it ought not be modest and revolting however ought to rather be significant, sweeping, universalism and persevering. In another circumstance diversion and parody can be made the reason for evaluating guidelines of the writing of any language. Diversion and fun are social and speak to the traditions, conventions, convictions and standards of a specific culture. Actually, the sorts of amusingness fluctuate from individuals to individuals and society to society.The comic motions and clever circumstances which can be a giggling tail for us may not be hilarious at all for a British or an American. Then again, as per Muhammad Alma Khan cleverness and parody together can make the historical backdrop of the mindset of a country and furthermore are its legacy. Additionally it tends to be settled upon that silliness and incongruity of any network or progress can be utilized as n total scale to test the joy, observation, demeanors and sentiments of them. 7 Now we need to see whether cleverness and parody are corresponded or not.Norman Forlorn in this association expresses that for artistic parody two segments are advantageous; one is scrutinizing and immersing a detestable occurrence or thing and the other funniness. 180 Rasher Mad Quietude's supposition is in opposition to that of Norman Furlong's. As indicated by him parody is certain in humor, though, diversion ought not be a piece of parody. He considers humor better than parody and a type of expressions which is troublesome in execution. For humor, he says: smug demeanor and conferment is required, though, for parody vitality, distress, outrage and affirmation all are required at the same time. In contrast with Rehashed Mad Suicide, Stayed Tha tches Hussein's idea is similarly progressively consistent where he composes that the sharp inclination that individuals create while perusing a humorous work is the very motivation behind why individuals separate it from humor. Thus, Thicker and Meredith both have acknowledged the essentialness of amusingness yet not of parody. Actually the presence of parody is outlandish without the nearness of silliness, though, amusingness can exist without clothing. 9 Anyhow, it is imperative to watch the few methods of diversion and parody. ). The main procedure is that of examination wherein humor is made by the all the while. The subsequent strategy is â€Å"the utilization of language†. Creating humor by innovatively utilizing the human discourse and articulation in which Taker (redundancy), Rarity-e-handout (play on words) and Bazaar Kanji (mind) are incorporated . Iii). The third strategy is that of a hilarious circumstance. Iv). The fourth strategy is the utilization of a diverti ng character. V). The fifth method is that of spoof. V'). The 6th strategy s that of irony.No question there are different strategies like Sol-e-well evolved creature (Catch 22), Ambulance (distortion) and so forth. In any case, the ones given above are all around known and well known. In the wake of watching the general parts of amusingness and parody, we switch on to the craft of silliness and parody in Urdu writing. At the point when we toss a quick look at it we discover that its beginning stage can be found in some antiquated Distant (legends). Be that as it may, the nature of amusingness and parody in certain spots is very sub-par while at others the lively impacts of normally lovely and interesting funniness and parody are noticeable. InUrdu writing diversion and parody are obviously watched without precedent for the letters composed by Kigali where candid cleverness and offhandedness are very oppressive. Kigali was honored with double quality of being an artist and a composi tion author. Amusingness was a piece of his tendency, that is the reason Hall called him â€Å"Hewn-e-Career† (diverting creature). His diversion is devout and unadulterated. He grins at the events when individuals are crying and crying. He is equipped for giggling at himself not just on others. In his 181 letters we find delicate grins rather than entire hearted laughter.In his letters, rather than sing noisy and sharp hues, he utilizes an excellent mix of light shades of silliness. Other than Kigali, funniness and mind are additionally seen in the works of Sir Seed Mad Khan and Chablis Neumann, though, the components of parody are increasingly explicit in the writing contributed by Deputy Nazi Mad. Sir Seed's work was not kidding, productive and influential yet in response the funniness and parody

Literature Review and Research Proposal - That extra intervention of a

What's more, Research Proposal - That additional intercession of a dietician and word related specialist will keep up a he - Literature survey Example To date there is no known remedy for the malady despite the fact that there are different strategies which hinder its development and subsequently helps the patients in soothing a portion of the signs. It is a fatal illness which serious and prompts passing (Innes, Kelly and McCabe, 2012, p. 104). Additional mediation of a dietician and a word related specialist will eventually keep up a sound weight record and improve personal satisfaction, despondency and dyskinesia in the patient with Alzheimer’s ailment. This writing audit and research paper will take a profound exhaustive investigation on the indispensable significant job that the dieticians and the word related advisor play in the easing back down on the impacts and side effects of patients with Alzheimer’s sickness (Small and Vorgan, 2011, p. 124). This paper sums up the particular ways to deal with the upkeep of a solid weight list in the patient while thinking about different parts of good wellbeing which incor porate improvement of the personal satisfaction, noteworthy decrease of misery and dyskinesia (McDonald, 2010, p. 32). This paper will consider the world-class proposals that a dietician will strongly suggest with respect to specific nourishments which the Alzheimer’s patient will eat so the side effects of the malady are essentially diminished (Pulsford and Thompson, 2012, p. 129). Outstanding proposals will likewise be featured with respect to the exhortation that a word related specialist would outmost prescribe to the patient. A point by point review on what the patient ought to do to diminish these manifestations are noted while giving entirely significant guidance on how the patients wellbeing will improve taking in to thought the patient’s weight list, prevalent life quality and a general decrease in sadness and dyskinesia (Downs and Bowers, 2008, p. 58). Writing Review Alzheimer’s ailment has in the ongoing past ended up being an across the board dementi a inconvenience among elderly folks individuals in the general public. As characterized, Alzheimer’s malady is the general loss of intellectual working which incorporates decreased thinking, recalling, and thinking capacity. Alzheimer’s infection is additionally ventured to be an irreversible and a dynamic cerebrum issue which limits thinking and memory aptitudes. Besides, late inquires about have additionally affirmed that, drawn out presence of Alzheimer’s sickness should lessen individuals’ capacity to complete the absolute most straightforward employments (Basak, Boot, Kraemer and Voss 2008, p. 777). In light of the accessible measurements, Alzheimer’s illness is much of the time clear among individuals who are over 60 years old. Contrasted with conventional society, contemporary social orders have seen critical expanded in instances of Alzheimer’s infection (Vance, McNees and Meneses, 2009, p. 51). In the outrageous cases, Alzheimerâ₠¬â„¢s ailment is too influencing youngsters. The reactions and size of Alzheimer’s malady is with time ending up being serious and now and again Alzheimer’s infection has answered to cause passings. The contemporary nature and symptoms of Alzheimer’s infection have constrained wellbeing specialists and masterminds to embrace escalated explores to distinguish the primary driver of the malady just as the most savvy and effectiveness methods for managing the issue (Ziere, Dieleman, Hofman, Pols, Cammen and Stricker, 2007, p. 223). The resulting writing audit is planned at looking at how the additional mediation of a dietician and word related ther

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A Family s Economic Deprivation Most Dominant Factor Of A...

This article subjects two main research questions. First, how is a family’s economic deprivation influential to children? And second, how does timing and duration of family economic deprivation impact the development of children? Key Research Findings: The article states that family income is the most dominant factor of a child’s cognitive development out of all other conventional measures such as ethnicity, female headship or maternal education. However income and economic status only has a faint connection and cannot be considered as synonyms. Moreover the duration and timing of economic deprivation has a strong correlation between the potential detriments on children’s development. Conversely, an increase in income cannot guarantee improved developmental outcome of the children. The outcomes of their research experiment showed that children in persistently poor families have a lower IQ as well as worse behavior problems than children who have never experienced poverty. Article 2: Key Research questions: The main questions this article explores are: what are the measures of poverty and how does being â€Å"poor† determine children’s health and exposure to developmental input, as well as different experiences of poverty. Key Research Findings: The ideal measurement of poverty should be composed of two basic categories: â€Å"public acceptability and statistical defensibility† (Aber, 1997). It states that economically deprived families have an immense difference in resourcesShow MoreRelatedChild Poverty in New Zealand1119 Words   |  5 PagesChild poverty is a major and complex issue that New Zealand faces today. The degree is far more severe than the publics perception and it is a problem that we cannot afford to ignore. A combination of factors contributes to child poverty, from individual causes at the micro level to the macro collective government involvement. This occurs partly due to social construction and it is potentially avoidable. 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Since the late 1980’s and early 1990’s there has been an increase in child poverty of around 15 percent (Boston, 2014). Currently the New Zealand government spends up to ten billion dollars a year on attempting to solve child poverty and yet still as many as 25 percent of children, which is roughly about 270,000Read MoreEssay on Family Formations2167 Words   |  9 PagesOutline and critically assess the most significant crises, conflicts and changes in family formations over the last two decades (since 1990). Make reference to your own experience, in terms of changes in identity and identifications over time. In order to address the question it is important to present the evidence which shows that there have been conflicts, crises, and changes in society since 1990. It is widely understood there are many formations of the family. This involves the forever changingRead MoreThe Culture Of Poverty : It Is It Just A Popular Concept?1807 Words   |  8 Pagesattitude have an increased ability to tolerate boring work and to find gratification outside work. Some critics of the concept of a culture of poverty claim that their own studies do not provide evidence of it. For example, Kenneth Little s study of West African urban communities shows that the poor do participate in many voluntary associations. Similarly, William Mengen’s study of Peruvian Barr ideas, people living in shanty towns, shows a high level of community and political involvementRead MoreThe Extermination Of The Jews1721 Words   |  7 Pagesusage, has entirely lost the sense of forced segregation — the meaning it held for centuries. In a rapid about-face, it s become an indictment of individual choices† (â€Å"Segregated From Its History, How ‘Ghetto’ Lost Its Meaning). The operation of ghettos was once initiated through the force of Nazi and SS officers for the support and development of the â€Å"Aryan race.† As economic, social, and personal aspirations changed, ghettos have developed into communities with an influx of poverty and disadvantageRead MoreLiterature Research and Essay: Sleep Deprivation and Cardiovascular Disease4518 Words   |  18 PagesWhat is the recent evidence that links sleep deprivation with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease? Introduction Recently, many epidemiology studies were conducted to find out the effect of sleep deprivation on the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Sleep deprivation is a concern for the working population especially the shift-workers. If sleep deprivation leads to cardiovascular diseases, they are at higher risk of suffering cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, myocardial infarctionRead MoreA Feminist Perspective On Women s Homelessness1956 Words   |  8 PagesMuch literature explaining women s homelessness in the United Kingdom, have argued from a feminist perspective which highlighted that the market dominated housing policies disadvantage female-led households based on a gendered division of labour, (Watson and Austerberry, 1986) . Furthermore (Pleace, and Quilgars, 1996), asserted that dominant family model assumes domestic roles for women, such that family care, child care and other domestic duties as solely that responsibility for women. (RazzuRead MoreChildren s Lack Of Prote ction Essay2391 Words   |  10 Pageschildren poverty, discrimination, violence, child abuse are broad theme. Now should need care and protection while abuse and violence, child sexual abuse, streets children, children living with AIDS, child in armed conflict, girl child, children with disability, children affected by substance abuse, birth registration, missing children , children with low, child trafficking , children without parental care , children of schedule cast and schedule tribal families . Children poverty has lack of access toRead MoreBreastfeeding And Society Essay examples2064 Words   |  9 Pagespartiy because of societys views on breastfeeding mothers, even though breastfeeding is known to be the optimum method of infant feeding for the baby famiiy and society. Common themes in the literature and websites are the economic advantages of breastfeeding, the public health benefits and the social construct of breastfeeding. Paediatric nurses have an important role in supporting breastfeeding mothers so that they are able to continue breastfeeding. 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The Effects of Incarceration Discrimination in the United...

Underachievement, lack of inclusion, and backward progression within society is a trend that engulfs African American men constantly in the American society. There is a continuous struggle to break the persistent mold. Although many feel that the United States has overcome its racist history, the legacies of slavery and racism still affect our policies and practices today. Of the nearly 2.1 million adult men and women imprisoned in the United States, roughly 70% are persons of color (Minton, 2012). Within the criminal justice system, people of color are imprisoned disproportionately due to racist laws, are denied access to the rehabilitative options given to Whites, and are harassed and mistreated by U.S. agencies. Although people of†¦show more content†¦It is and forever will be a part of the living present. The institution of slavery was meant to be a permanent condition for Black males. This condition lay the historical outline for structural and societal racism resulting in a degrading formation of identity within Black. Africans were imported to the United States as purchased goods beginning around 1620. By 1770, almost 700,000 people, nearly 18 percent of the Americans were slaves. By the time of the Emancipation Proclamation, that number had exploded to over 4 million Davidson, J., DeLay, B., Heyrman, C., Lytle, M., Stoff, M. (2011). Blacks were systemically dehumanized for hundreds of years, a practice that had unique social and psychological effects on men. They worked and were whipped in fields like animals. Any resemblance of pride, any call for justice, and any measure of manhood was tortured, beaten, or sold out of them. Most were forbidden from education, which included learning to read and write Davidson et al. (2011). Despite efforts to gradually transition by Abraham Lin coln and his Emancipation Proclamation, Blacks into citizenship, slavery continued to be legal until the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865 Davidson et al. (2011). The amendment declared that physical bondage or involuntary servitude was outlawed in the US. However, both the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th amendment failed to release blacks and integrate them into society,Show MoreRelatedW. E. B. Dubois, Anna Cooper, And Karl Marx : The Social Conflict Of Society1680 Words   |  7 Pagesconflicts of society and how differing populations are faced with discrimination and oppression by those who are dominant in power. Jerome Karabel’s profound article specifically focuses on killings committed by the police as a growing social problem resulting from the most recent movement of racial injustice within the United States. All of these authors offer a unique perspective as they represent different populations within the United States that have dealt with prejudice s as well. As Karl Marx’s:Read MoreMichelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow1495 Words   |  6 Pages Reagan’s policies and Clinton’s â€Å"three strikes your out† policy and how this effects the system today. The third guideline is Internal Consistency. Michelle Alexander keeps all of her information consist. All of the external research she depicts to the readers further confirms the message she is trying to get across which is that the American system of mass incarceration is purely a way to continue the discrimination in today’s society. The fourth guideline is carefulness of generalization. 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The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreRacism: Incarceration of a Household Member and Hispanic Health Disparities1344 Words   |  6 PagesMany Americans pretend that the days of racism are far behind; however it is clear that institutional racism still exists in this country. One way of viewing this institutional racism is looking at our nation’s prison system and how the incarceration rates are skewed towards African American men. The reasons for the incarceration rate disparity are argued and different between races, but history points out a nd starts to show the reason of why the disparity began. 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All That Glitters Is Not Gold Free Essays

e book, All That Glitters Is Not Gold, written by Benjamin Ifeanyichukwu Abugu, symbolically portrays deception. It shows that life is fragile and one should be be handled with care. Written in 19 chapters, the 152-page prose analyses the fruitlessness of promiscuity. We will write a custom essay sample on All That Glitters Is Not Gold or any similar topic only for you Order Now It highlights how reckless living leads to pain and shame. Essentially, the book depicts the moral decadence of the 21st Century people, who believe in easy life and quick financial benefit. The story revolves round the major characters; Anya and his sister Blossom. Both are children of Gab Uku and Mabel from Egwuonwu who live in Lagos. Their escapades, belief, time and chance like the Biblical saying, are weighed in a balance. Anya and Blossom had lived a wayward live of watching pornographic films and fornicating. â€Å"Their inner conflicts are compounded by the scourge of HIV/AIDS, that currently threatens to destroy the entire population. † While Anya escapes the scourge, his sister falls victim. Former Miss World becomes a shadow of herself and finally dies. Anya, a newspaper reporter, has some bad habits which are controlled by his experiences. He learns from his experiences, illusions, dreams, particularly, his encounter with swindlers and robbery trial arising from his association with bad friends. Anya almost committed suicide when erroneously given a HIV positive result. His fears and conflicts are allayed after the result is corrected. From that moment, he turns a new leave. But Blossom is a former beauty queen and a campus babe. Having lived with her aunty, Eliza and husband, Chief Dike Akukamadu, a business mogul, becomes a sleeping partner to the chief. Aside living a carefree life, she is also a cultist. Her friend, Rose, introduces her to Daughters of Jezebel, the female wing of Red Atlantic cult. The cult was notorious for all manners of indecent appearance on campus, including nudity, which was regarded as the most sacred mark of the sisterhood of Jezebel. Blossom torment starts after her escapades with Romeo, a sadist, who storms campus on a revenge mission to distribute HIV/AIDS to 50 girls. She and other fun-loving girls fall victims as a result of the dollars of Mr. Romeo. The author uses the third person narrative technique to tell the story. All that glitters is indeed gold. Had Blossom known, she would have lived a better life and she wouldn’t have wasted her beauty, talent and life just as Anya wouldn’t have been swindled. From the objects on the cover page, which sparkle like gold but are not there is a warning for everyone to beware of outward appearance because it is very deceptive as against inward virtues and qualities. The book is didactic. Its lesson is for all to beware and take time to weigh every action. It is thought provoking as many think that worldliness is the best form of living but really, it is not. The book is morally inclined. It is detached and impartial. It lays bare the evils of immorality and allows readers to make their own judgment. Abugu has also published The Widow And The Wolves aside writing a number of articles published online @ expertscolumn. com. Born in Amachalla, Enugu-Ezike, Igbo-Eze North L. G. A, Enugu State, Abugu is a graduate of English Language from the Lagos State University. How to cite All That Glitters Is Not Gold, Essay examples All That Glitters is Not Gold Free Essays The adage â€Å"All that glitters is not gold† cautions us against forming our opinion about objects on the basis of superficial impressions. It also implies that one should try to ascertain the true nature of things and to understand the reality hidden behind their glittering facade. However, love for glamour is deeply embedded in human nature. We will write a custom essay sample on All That Glitters is Not Gold or any similar topic only for you Order Now Taking advantage of this inherent vulnerability of man to glamour, cash rich companies rope in glamorous film and sports personalities to advertise their goods and services. Soap and tooth paste used by charming actresses and dashing sportsmen sell like hot cakes. Companies’ sales are boosted and consumers, particularly those of the lower middle classes, forego many necessities of life to have a taste of goodies recommended by their favourite stars. Man would read super hero stories from films and see that those are real and often fell in temptations and believe that those are great but actually those are also men. hose glitters in films imagines him to be great but actually he is also a man among us. One would expect that our reading of such stories would make us wise and prevent us from falling prey to temptations of outward beauty. But man, weak as he is, never learns from others’ experience. He often courts disaster by giving into temptations. We are repeatedly warned and alerted by the wise and the experienced not to take persons and things on their face value. The most innocent masks may hide behind them the most cunning of cheats. But very often even the wise fall prey to tricksters. Even Sita, the consort of Lord Rama, was tempted by the glitter of the golden deer she saw bounding around her forest cottage and requested Rama to bring it for her. Rama earnestly expostulated Sita to forget the deer as it might be a trap of some villain, but she was so charmed by the guiles of the deer that she pressed him to leave the Ashram in search of it. A few minutes later, Sita heard a distress call for help in Rama’s voice. She, thereupon, requested Lakshman to go and relieve Rama from distress. Lakshman tried to convince Sita that nobody was brave enough to harm the invincible Rama, but Sita was so nervous that she forced Lakshman to leave the Ashram. In his absence, the Rakshasa king Ravana abducted Sita. It later turned out that the golden deer was actually the demon Marichi in disguise sent by Ravana to tempt Sita. Sita’s temptation demonstrates the validity of the old saying â€Å"All that glitters is not gold†. How to cite All That Glitters is Not Gold, Essay examples

Stay on the Write Side of the Law Steer Clear of Publishing Woes - The Writers For Hire

STAY ON THE WRITE SIDE OF THE LAW: STEER CLEAR OF PUBLISHING WOES A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. there was a copyright lawsuit between Star Wars and Battlestar Galactica. Stars Wars had captured the hearts of adoring fans across America, and Universal Studios wanted to jump on that bandwagon, so they launched Battlestar Galactica. But Star Wars execs saw one too many similarities in the Battlestar Galactica storyline, and the lawsuit landed in federal court.Battlestar Galactica was cancelled and the parties settled out of court, but the case illustrates the ever-present battle against copyright infringement. That phrasecopyright infringementmakes writers cringe. After all, you don’t want to land in court just for doing your job. But you need to do your job within the bounds of the law, even though you may not exactly know the specifics of that law. Read on for a quick romp through media law*, and take the first step to protecting yourself against legal missteps. For the Record You can only type so fast. In interviews, it’s inevitable that you’ll miss jotting down one thing or another. So recording interviews isn’t really optional; it’s proper professional form. Fortunately, the law is usually on the side of writers using recording devices. You can usually record, film, or broadcast any conversation if all parties consent. If you’re conducting an in-person interview and your recording device is in plain view, that equates implied consentin other words, you’re standing (or talking) on firm legal ground. Phone conversations are a little more nuanced. Federal law requires only one-party consent to recording a phone conversation, unless the purpose is criminal or tortious. That one party can be the writer who is recording. Many states have similar standards. For instance, Texas requires the consent of at least one party in an oral communication. In one-party consent states, this law would also allow a writer to record conversations in public. Beware, that calling a person in another state places you under the laws of that state. About a dozen states require two-party (or more, usually all parties to a conversation) consent to recording a conversation. So, unless you want to research the recording laws of each state before making a phone call, it’s best to just make it your standard practice to inform the other party that you’re recording the conversation. Texting Up Trouble Similar laws govern text messages or electronic communications. So what type of consent do you need before using quotes from electronic communications? â€Å"Wireless consent is ambiguous,† says Rick Walker, a Dallas-area attorney and Professor of Media Law and Regulation at the University of North Texas. â€Å"It depends on the facts of each circumstance.† Walker suggests that before you publish any wireless communications, you ask yourself questions like: Where did you get the wireless communication?Can you verify that the source is authentic?What is your intent with the communication? Is your intent to harass, embarrass, or defame someone? If so, you’re headed toward shaky legal ground.Is it public information or a private confidence? If it’s publicly disseminated on social media, then there’s no expectation of privacy.Is the person in question a private citizen or a public figure? In general, public figures should have less expectation of privacy than private citizens. Crossing the Legal Line If you secretly record someone, using a digital recorder or hidden camera, the person you recorded may lob trespass and intrusion of privacy claims at you. These claims are shakier if the recording takes place in an office or commercial establishment open to the public. But courts frown upon secretly recording people in their own homes, where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy. Celebrity wrestler Hulk Hogan became embroiled in one such famous controversy. Gawker posted a sex tape of Hogan aka Terry Gene Bollea, filmed without the celebrity’s consent. Bollea sued, won $130 million in damages, and single-handedly bankrupted Gawker. Even worse than civil litigation, wrongful recording could land you a felony conviction. In Texas, illegally recording an in-person conversation or electronic communication or disclosing is a felony offense. So, think twice before you attempt to enhance your book with a juicy expose obtained through secretly recording conversations. Sign on the Dotted Line Even if a source knows you’re recording the interview, you may need to go one step further to protect your back and your bottom line. Particularly with interviews for books, consider having your interviewee sign a release. If you discuss sensitive or controversial material, this becomes prudent. Having a well-written and signed release offers some protection against claims of libel or invasion of privacy, should your source decide that the published depiction is unflattering. A recording of the interview that supports your assertions offers additional protection. Many interview subjects do present special requestsperhaps wanting to read or edit your story before it is published, to remain anonymous, or have some comments kept â€Å"off the record.† Document any request or agreement you make with interview subjects, and abide by those agreements. Breeching such a spoken or written agreement could leave you liable for monetary damages. Note those Quotes And in quoting someone, make sure you avoid both plagiarism and copyright infringement. The ideas overlap similar areas of law and ethics. But plagiarism, as harrowing final exam warnings remind students, involves claiming someone’s work as your own, which is largely an ethical issue. Copyright, however, is protected by law. Holders of copyright own the rights to their work, including the rights to: reproduce the work, create derivative works based on it, distribute copies of the work, and publicly display or perform the work. When quoting, aim to precisely use the words of the quote. A writer must evaluate both the legal and ethical concerns involved in modifying quotes. â€Å"My opinion is that a journalist should never modify quotes,† Walker says, â€Å"The definition of modifying could be either unprofessional or illegal, depending on how much liberty the writer takes in modifying.† Walker asserts that though it’s not optimal professional form, modification is usually legal if it doesn’t materially alter a source’s statement. The Supreme Court weighed in on this issue in Masson v. New Yorker Magazine. That case involved an outspoken Mr. Masson, the director of the Sigmund Freud Archives. Masson became disenchanted with Freudian theory, was fired from his position, and subsequently granted an interview to the New Yorker Magazine. The writer paraphrased and inferred Masson’s rather unflattering statements, placing these paraphrases within quotation marks. Masson sued the magazine for defamation, while New Yorker argued that its statements were protected under the First Amendment. The Supreme Court disagreed, ruling that the First Amendment’s free expression clause does not protect distortions of quotes. Nevertheless, writers do have some leeway in printing material with minor factual inaccuracies. Under the substantial truth test, a writer can get away with conveying minor factual inaccuracies as long as those statements don’t materially alter the substance of the source’s communication. In addition to factual content, it’s just as import to maintain proper context for the quote. This rule trips up everyone from students to famous journalists. For instance, John Stossel anchored a story purporting that televangelist Fred Price misused funds intended for his religious organization. On the 20/20 piece, Price is shown saying, â€Å"I live in a 25-room mansion. I have my own $6 million yacht. I have my own private jet, and I have my own helicopter, and I have seven luxury automobiles.† Price did say these words. However, he said them during a sermon illustrating a hypothetical person whereas ABC insinuated that he was speaking of his own wealth. The inevitable lawsuit followed, and the parties settled out of court. If you’re worried about publishing a controversial story, remember that truth is a defense against defamation.Tweet this So, if you’re sharing factual, research-based claims, you’re protecting yourself against allegations of libel or slander. Stick to a Fair Use Policy Fair use allows limited use of copyrighted material without asking permission. If you’re commenting on, criticizing, or parodying material, it usually falls under fair use policy and you are not likely to be found liable for copyright infringement. The fair use statute looks at four factors in determining fair use: Purpose and character of the use (commercial, educational)Nature of the copyrighted workAmount of the work used in relation to the copyrighted work as a wholeEffect on market value of the copyrighted work. In the famous 1841 copyright case that provided the basis for Fair Use laws, Judge Joseph Story said, â€Å"Patents and copyrights approach, nearer than any other class of cases belonging to forensic discussions, to what may be called the metaphysics of law, where the distinctions are, or at least may be, very subtle and refined, and, sometimes, almost evanescent. But, to distill the message of the wordy Judge Story, what are those distinctions? How much copyrighted material can you quote before eclipsing fair use? Unfortunately, there are no firm guidelines. In general, the more material you use, the less likely it is to be considered fair use. If you’re eclipsing 50% of borrowed material, appealing to the same market as the original work, and negatively affecting the original work’s economic gain, crying â€Å"fair use† probably won’t get you far. On the other hand, if you quote only a small amount of material, use it in a work substantially different from the original, and appeal to a different market, you likely have a solid defense against copyright infringement. Finally, a Freebie Good news! There is one source that isn’t going to try to sue you for pulling its quotesthe public domain. The public owns these works, and anyone can use them without getting permissions. Works enter the public domain through: Copyright expiringCopyright owner failing to renew its copyrightCopyright owner placing the work in the public domainInapplicable copyright law The bottom line in principles of copyright law? The law is still evolving with a rapidly-changing digital media landscape. If you use third-party content without permission, you risk a lawsuit. But if you walk out your door in America, you risk a lawsuit. So adhere to stringent professional ethics, write or broadcast with integrity, and balance these principles with basic media law knowledge. Not only will you be able to look yourself in the mirror, you’ll put yourself in a good position to defend against possible claims. *The information presented here is intended for informational purposes only. Copyright law differs by state, and you should consult a knowledgeable copyright attorney with specific legal questions. The information presented here is not a substitute for consulting a licensed attorney for specific legal advice.