A Family s Economic Deprivation Most Dominant Factor Of A...

This article subjects two main research questions. First, how is a family’s economic deprivation influential to children? And second, how does timing and duration of family economic deprivation impact the development of children? Key Research Findings: The article states that family income is the most dominant factor of a child’s cognitive development out of all other conventional measures such as ethnicity, female headship or maternal education. However income and economic status only has a faint connection and cannot be considered as synonyms. Moreover the duration and timing of economic deprivation has a strong correlation between the potential detriments on children’s development. Conversely, an increase in income cannot guarantee improved developmental outcome of the children. The outcomes of their research experiment showed that children in persistently poor families have a lower IQ as well as worse behavior problems than children who have never experienced poverty. Article 2: Key Research questions: The main questions this article explores are: what are the measures of poverty and how does being â€Å"poor† determine children’s health and exposure to developmental input, as well as different experiences of poverty. Key Research Findings: The ideal measurement of poverty should be composed of two basic categories: â€Å"public acceptability and statistical defensibility† (Aber, 1997). It states that economically deprived families have an immense difference in resourcesShow MoreRelatedChild Poverty in New Zealand1119 Words   |  5 PagesChild poverty is a major and complex issue that New Zealand faces today. The degree is far more severe than the publics perception and it is a problem that we cannot afford to ignore. A combination of factors contributes to child poverty, from individual causes at the micro level to the macro collective government involvement. This occurs partly due to social construction and it is potentially avoidable. The consequences can impact on both individual and to a great extent affect significantly onRead MoreThe Millenium Declaration Goals 20001758 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancement embodying eight Millennium Development Goals (MDG’s): 1. Eradication of extreme poverty and hunger 2. Achievement of universal primary education 3. Promotion of gender equality and empowerment of women, 4. Reduction of child mortality 5. Improvement in maternal health 6. Combating HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases, 7. Ensuring environmental sustainability and 8. Develop a global partnership for development. The accomplishing focus of these objectives is until 2015. Subsequently suchRead MoreThe Poverty Of New Zealand1144 Words   |  5 Pagesthat New Zealand, a well-developed country, is a great place for children to live. For most of us that is true however there is still a concerning amount of children who live in poverty. Since the late 1980’s and early 1990’s there has been an increase in child poverty of around 15 percent (Boston, 2014). Currently the New Zealand government spends up to ten billion dollars a year on attempting to solve child poverty and yet still as many as 25 percent of children, which is roughly about 270,000Read MoreEssay on Family Formations2167 Words   |  9 PagesOutline and critically assess the most significant crises, conflicts and changes in family formations over the last two decades (since 1990). Make reference to your own experience, in terms of changes in identity and identifications over time. In order to address the question it is important to present the evidence which shows that there have been conflicts, crises, and changes in society since 1990. It is widely understood there are many formations of the family. This involves the forever changingRead MoreThe Culture Of Poverty : It Is It Just A Popular Concept?1807 Words   |  8 Pagesattitude have an increased ability to tolerate boring work and to find gratification outside work. Some critics of the concept of a culture of poverty claim that their own studies do not provide evidence of it. For example, Kenneth Little s study of West African urban communities shows that the poor do participate in many voluntary associations. Similarly, William Mengen’s study of Peruvian Barr ideas, people living in shanty towns, shows a high level of community and political involvementRead MoreThe Extermination Of The Jews1721 Words   |  7 Pagesusage, has entirely lost the sense of forced segregation — the meaning it held for centuries. In a rapid about-face, it s become an indictment of individual choices† (â€Å"Segregated From Its History, How ‘Ghetto’ Lost Its Meaning). The operation of ghettos was once initiated through the force of Nazi and SS officers for the support and development of the â€Å"Aryan race.† As economic, social, and personal aspirations changed, ghettos have developed into communities with an influx of poverty and disadvantageRead MoreLiterature Research and Essay: Sleep Deprivation and Cardiovascular Disease4518 Words   |  18 PagesWhat is the recent evidence that links sleep deprivation with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease? Introduction Recently, many epidemiology studies were conducted to find out the effect of sleep deprivation on the risk of cardiovascular diseases. Sleep deprivation is a concern for the working population especially the shift-workers. If sleep deprivation leads to cardiovascular diseases, they are at higher risk of suffering cardiovascular diseases such as hypertension, myocardial infarctionRead MoreA Feminist Perspective On Women s Homelessness1956 Words   |  8 PagesMuch literature explaining women s homelessness in the United Kingdom, have argued from a feminist perspective which highlighted that the market dominated housing policies disadvantage female-led households based on a gendered division of labour, (Watson and Austerberry, 1986) . Furthermore (Pleace, and Quilgars, 1996), asserted that dominant family model assumes domestic roles for women, such that family care, child care and other domestic duties as solely that responsibility for women. (RazzuRead MoreChildren s Lack Of Prote ction Essay2391 Words   |  10 Pageschildren poverty, discrimination, violence, child abuse are broad theme. Now should need care and protection while abuse and violence, child sexual abuse, streets children, children living with AIDS, child in armed conflict, girl child, children with disability, children affected by substance abuse, birth registration, missing children , children with low, child trafficking , children without parental care , children of schedule cast and schedule tribal families . Children poverty has lack of access toRead MoreBreastfeeding And Society Essay examples2064 Words   |  9 Pagespartiy because of societys views on breastfeeding mothers, even though breastfeeding is known to be the optimum method of infant feeding for the baby famiiy and society. Common themes in the literature and websites are the economic advantages of breastfeeding, the public health benefits and the social construct of breastfeeding. Paediatric nurses have an important role in supporting breastfeeding mothers so that they are able to continue breastfeeding. Felicity Hunt is a student nurse at University

The Effects of Incarceration Discrimination in the United...

Underachievement, lack of inclusion, and backward progression within society is a trend that engulfs African American men constantly in the American society. There is a continuous struggle to break the persistent mold. Although many feel that the United States has overcome its racist history, the legacies of slavery and racism still affect our policies and practices today. Of the nearly 2.1 million adult men and women imprisoned in the United States, roughly 70% are persons of color (Minton, 2012). Within the criminal justice system, people of color are imprisoned disproportionately due to racist laws, are denied access to the rehabilitative options given to Whites, and are harassed and mistreated by U.S. agencies. Although people of†¦show more content†¦It is and forever will be a part of the living present. The institution of slavery was meant to be a permanent condition for Black males. This condition lay the historical outline for structural and societal racism resulting in a degrading formation of identity within Black. Africans were imported to the United States as purchased goods beginning around 1620. By 1770, almost 700,000 people, nearly 18 percent of the Americans were slaves. By the time of the Emancipation Proclamation, that number had exploded to over 4 million Davidson, J., DeLay, B., Heyrman, C., Lytle, M., Stoff, M. (2011). Blacks were systemically dehumanized for hundreds of years, a practice that had unique social and psychological effects on men. They worked and were whipped in fields like animals. Any resemblance of pride, any call for justice, and any measure of manhood was tortured, beaten, or sold out of them. Most were forbidden from education, which included learning to read and write Davidson et al. (2011). Despite efforts to gradually transition by Abraham Lin coln and his Emancipation Proclamation, Blacks into citizenship, slavery continued to be legal until the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865 Davidson et al. (2011). The amendment declared that physical bondage or involuntary servitude was outlawed in the US. However, both the Emancipation Proclamation and the 13th amendment failed to release blacks and integrate them into society,Show MoreRelatedW. E. B. Dubois, Anna Cooper, And Karl Marx : The Social Conflict Of Society1680 Words   |  7 Pagesconflicts of society and how differing populations are faced with discrimination and oppression by those who are dominant in power. Jerome Karabel’s profound article specifically focuses on killings committed by the police as a growing social problem resulting from the most recent movement of racial injustice within the United States. All of these authors offer a unique perspective as they represent different populations within the United States that have dealt with prejudice s as well. As Karl Marx’s:Read MoreMichelle Alexander s The New Jim Crow1495 Words   |  6 Pages Reagan’s policies and Clinton’s â€Å"three strikes your out† policy and how this effects the system today. The third guideline is Internal Consistency. Michelle Alexander keeps all of her information consist. All of the external research she depicts to the readers further confirms the message she is trying to get across which is that the American system of mass incarceration is purely a way to continue the discrimination in today’s society. The fourth guideline is carefulness of generalization. AlexanderRead MoreThe Rap Song By Tupac Amaru Shakur Essay1552 Words   |  7 Pagesshooting and incarceration, produced most of his songs which revolved around controversial issues such as crime, drug and racial discrimination in the inner cities in America society in the 1990s. The rap song â€Å"Changes† that was released in 1988, two years after Tupacâ€℠¢s death, reflected the social discrimination towards African American under the aspects of racial prejudice and crimes. The lyric of the song demonstrated the concept of Underclass stereotype towards African Americans by Abelmann andRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 PagesIs the Mass Incarceration of Blacks the new Jim Crow? American has a legacy of the mistreatment and disenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison populationRead MoreRacism: Incarceration of a Household Member and Hispanic Health Disparities1344 Words   |  6 PagesMany Americans pretend that the days of racism are far behind; however it is clear that institutional racism still exists in this country. One way of viewing this institutional racism is looking at our nation’s prison system and how the incarceration rates are skewed towards African American men. The reasons for the incarceration rate disparity are argued and different between races, but history points out a nd starts to show the reason of why the disparity began. Families and children of the incarceratedRead MoreThe New Jim Crow by Michelle Alexander960 Words   |  4 PagesMichelle Alexander tries to advance intellectual dialogue regarding mass incarceration in the United States. Alexander does this by carrying out a historical analysis of the process in which the correctional system controls African Americans through intentionally selected, and systematically sanctioned legal limits. In fact, the United States incarceration rate is not at peak by coincidence. Moreover, it is not coincidental that Black men and women make up the majority of this number. According to AlexanderRead MoreThe Prison Industrial Complex : How Do We Define It?1640 Words   |  7 Pagesaffecting minorities mainly African Americans but to put it simply is that more and more prisons are becoming privatized and getting third party contracts from government agencies instead of the government owned. Some companies shockingly benefit from crime so with those benefits comes incentives to imprison more people no matter the crime despite violent crime rates being on a steady decline. In the twenty-five years since the passage of the Anti-Drug Abuse Act, the United States penal population roseRead MoreAfrican Americans During The Civil War Essay1319 Words   |  6 Pagesrates of incarceration among young African American men with little schooling. Radical changes in crime control and sentencing polices led to an unprecedented buildup of the United States prison population over the last thirty years. African Americans comprise a disproportionate percentage of the individuals imprisoned in State correctional institutions across the United States. . There are 5 main reasons as to why African Americans repeatedly go to prison. These reasons are racial discrimination, theRead More An Analysis of Broken On All Sides724 Words   |  3 Pagesrest of the United States. In a nation where o ver one in one hundred of U.S. adults are incarcerated, the United States imprisons the greatest number of people in the world (Petit, 2012). In fact, though the U.S. only makes up five percent of the world’s population, it incarcerates a quarter of its prisoners (Pillischer, 2012). What Broken On All Sides seeks to present is just how â€Å"unjust† the criminal justice system is as those most negatively affected by the increasing incarceration rate in theRead MoreThe Impact Of Psychological Slavery On Attachment And Trust Essay995 Words   |  4 PagesTrust in the Intimate Relationship between African-American Men and Women By Sametta Hill Argosy University Twin Cities Date Committee Chair (degrees) Committee Member (degrees) â€Æ' Table of Contents â€Æ' Research Question What is the effect of Psychological slavery on attachment and trust in the intimate relationship between the African-American male and female? Introduction Most research studies today explains the relational problems of African-American couples inability to stay together in terms

All That Glitters Is Not Gold Free Essays

e book, All That Glitters Is Not Gold, written by Benjamin Ifeanyichukwu Abugu, symbolically portrays deception. It shows that life is fragile and one should be be handled with care. Written in 19 chapters, the 152-page prose analyses the fruitlessness of promiscuity. We will write a custom essay sample on All That Glitters Is Not Gold or any similar topic only for you Order Now It highlights how reckless living leads to pain and shame. Essentially, the book depicts the moral decadence of the 21st Century people, who believe in easy life and quick financial benefit. The story revolves round the major characters; Anya and his sister Blossom. Both are children of Gab Uku and Mabel from Egwuonwu who live in Lagos. Their escapades, belief, time and chance like the Biblical saying, are weighed in a balance. Anya and Blossom had lived a wayward live of watching pornographic films and fornicating. â€Å"Their inner conflicts are compounded by the scourge of HIV/AIDS, that currently threatens to destroy the entire population. † While Anya escapes the scourge, his sister falls victim. Former Miss World becomes a shadow of herself and finally dies. Anya, a newspaper reporter, has some bad habits which are controlled by his experiences. He learns from his experiences, illusions, dreams, particularly, his encounter with swindlers and robbery trial arising from his association with bad friends. Anya almost committed suicide when erroneously given a HIV positive result. His fears and conflicts are allayed after the result is corrected. From that moment, he turns a new leave. But Blossom is a former beauty queen and a campus babe. Having lived with her aunty, Eliza and husband, Chief Dike Akukamadu, a business mogul, becomes a sleeping partner to the chief. Aside living a carefree life, she is also a cultist. Her friend, Rose, introduces her to Daughters of Jezebel, the female wing of Red Atlantic cult. The cult was notorious for all manners of indecent appearance on campus, including nudity, which was regarded as the most sacred mark of the sisterhood of Jezebel. Blossom torment starts after her escapades with Romeo, a sadist, who storms campus on a revenge mission to distribute HIV/AIDS to 50 girls. She and other fun-loving girls fall victims as a result of the dollars of Mr. Romeo. The author uses the third person narrative technique to tell the story. All that glitters is indeed gold. Had Blossom known, she would have lived a better life and she wouldn’t have wasted her beauty, talent and life just as Anya wouldn’t have been swindled. From the objects on the cover page, which sparkle like gold but are not there is a warning for everyone to beware of outward appearance because it is very deceptive as against inward virtues and qualities. The book is didactic. Its lesson is for all to beware and take time to weigh every action. It is thought provoking as many think that worldliness is the best form of living but really, it is not. The book is morally inclined. It is detached and impartial. It lays bare the evils of immorality and allows readers to make their own judgment. Abugu has also published The Widow And The Wolves aside writing a number of articles published online @ expertscolumn. com. Born in Amachalla, Enugu-Ezike, Igbo-Eze North L. G. A, Enugu State, Abugu is a graduate of English Language from the Lagos State University. How to cite All That Glitters Is Not Gold, Essay examples All That Glitters is Not Gold Free Essays The adage â€Å"All that glitters is not gold† cautions us against forming our opinion about objects on the basis of superficial impressions. It also implies that one should try to ascertain the true nature of things and to understand the reality hidden behind their glittering facade. However, love for glamour is deeply embedded in human nature. We will write a custom essay sample on All That Glitters is Not Gold or any similar topic only for you Order Now Taking advantage of this inherent vulnerability of man to glamour, cash rich companies rope in glamorous film and sports personalities to advertise their goods and services. Soap and tooth paste used by charming actresses and dashing sportsmen sell like hot cakes. Companies’ sales are boosted and consumers, particularly those of the lower middle classes, forego many necessities of life to have a taste of goodies recommended by their favourite stars. Man would read super hero stories from films and see that those are real and often fell in temptations and believe that those are great but actually those are also men. hose glitters in films imagines him to be great but actually he is also a man among us. One would expect that our reading of such stories would make us wise and prevent us from falling prey to temptations of outward beauty. But man, weak as he is, never learns from others’ experience. He often courts disaster by giving into temptations. We are repeatedly warned and alerted by the wise and the experienced not to take persons and things on their face value. The most innocent masks may hide behind them the most cunning of cheats. But very often even the wise fall prey to tricksters. Even Sita, the consort of Lord Rama, was tempted by the glitter of the golden deer she saw bounding around her forest cottage and requested Rama to bring it for her. Rama earnestly expostulated Sita to forget the deer as it might be a trap of some villain, but she was so charmed by the guiles of the deer that she pressed him to leave the Ashram in search of it. A few minutes later, Sita heard a distress call for help in Rama’s voice. She, thereupon, requested Lakshman to go and relieve Rama from distress. Lakshman tried to convince Sita that nobody was brave enough to harm the invincible Rama, but Sita was so nervous that she forced Lakshman to leave the Ashram. In his absence, the Rakshasa king Ravana abducted Sita. It later turned out that the golden deer was actually the demon Marichi in disguise sent by Ravana to tempt Sita. Sita’s temptation demonstrates the validity of the old saying â€Å"All that glitters is not gold†. How to cite All That Glitters is Not Gold, Essay examples

Stay on the Write Side of the Law Steer Clear of Publishing Woes - The Writers For Hire

STAY ON THE WRITE SIDE OF THE LAW: STEER CLEAR OF PUBLISHING WOES A long time ago in a galaxy far, far away. there was a copyright lawsuit between Star Wars and Battlestar Galactica. Stars Wars had captured the hearts of adoring fans across America, and Universal Studios wanted to jump on that bandwagon, so they launched Battlestar Galactica. But Star Wars execs saw one too many similarities in the Battlestar Galactica storyline, and the lawsuit landed in federal court.Battlestar Galactica was cancelled and the parties settled out of court, but the case illustrates the ever-present battle against copyright infringement. That phrasecopyright infringementmakes writers cringe. After all, you don’t want to land in court just for doing your job. But you need to do your job within the bounds of the law, even though you may not exactly know the specifics of that law. Read on for a quick romp through media law*, and take the first step to protecting yourself against legal missteps. For the Record You can only type so fast. In interviews, it’s inevitable that you’ll miss jotting down one thing or another. So recording interviews isn’t really optional; it’s proper professional form. Fortunately, the law is usually on the side of writers using recording devices. You can usually record, film, or broadcast any conversation if all parties consent. If you’re conducting an in-person interview and your recording device is in plain view, that equates implied consentin other words, you’re standing (or talking) on firm legal ground. Phone conversations are a little more nuanced. Federal law requires only one-party consent to recording a phone conversation, unless the purpose is criminal or tortious. That one party can be the writer who is recording. Many states have similar standards. For instance, Texas requires the consent of at least one party in an oral communication. In one-party consent states, this law would also allow a writer to record conversations in public. Beware, that calling a person in another state places you under the laws of that state. About a dozen states require two-party (or more, usually all parties to a conversation) consent to recording a conversation. So, unless you want to research the recording laws of each state before making a phone call, it’s best to just make it your standard practice to inform the other party that you’re recording the conversation. Texting Up Trouble Similar laws govern text messages or electronic communications. So what type of consent do you need before using quotes from electronic communications? â€Å"Wireless consent is ambiguous,† says Rick Walker, a Dallas-area attorney and Professor of Media Law and Regulation at the University of North Texas. â€Å"It depends on the facts of each circumstance.† Walker suggests that before you publish any wireless communications, you ask yourself questions like: Where did you get the wireless communication?Can you verify that the source is authentic?What is your intent with the communication? Is your intent to harass, embarrass, or defame someone? If so, you’re headed toward shaky legal ground.Is it public information or a private confidence? If it’s publicly disseminated on social media, then there’s no expectation of privacy.Is the person in question a private citizen or a public figure? In general, public figures should have less expectation of privacy than private citizens. Crossing the Legal Line If you secretly record someone, using a digital recorder or hidden camera, the person you recorded may lob trespass and intrusion of privacy claims at you. These claims are shakier if the recording takes place in an office or commercial establishment open to the public. But courts frown upon secretly recording people in their own homes, where they have a reasonable expectation of privacy. Celebrity wrestler Hulk Hogan became embroiled in one such famous controversy. Gawker posted a sex tape of Hogan aka Terry Gene Bollea, filmed without the celebrity’s consent. Bollea sued, won $130 million in damages, and single-handedly bankrupted Gawker. Even worse than civil litigation, wrongful recording could land you a felony conviction. In Texas, illegally recording an in-person conversation or electronic communication or disclosing is a felony offense. So, think twice before you attempt to enhance your book with a juicy expose obtained through secretly recording conversations. Sign on the Dotted Line Even if a source knows you’re recording the interview, you may need to go one step further to protect your back and your bottom line. Particularly with interviews for books, consider having your interviewee sign a release. If you discuss sensitive or controversial material, this becomes prudent. Having a well-written and signed release offers some protection against claims of libel or invasion of privacy, should your source decide that the published depiction is unflattering. A recording of the interview that supports your assertions offers additional protection. Many interview subjects do present special requestsperhaps wanting to read or edit your story before it is published, to remain anonymous, or have some comments kept â€Å"off the record.† Document any request or agreement you make with interview subjects, and abide by those agreements. Breeching such a spoken or written agreement could leave you liable for monetary damages. Note those Quotes And in quoting someone, make sure you avoid both plagiarism and copyright infringement. The ideas overlap similar areas of law and ethics. But plagiarism, as harrowing final exam warnings remind students, involves claiming someone’s work as your own, which is largely an ethical issue. Copyright, however, is protected by law. Holders of copyright own the rights to their work, including the rights to: reproduce the work, create derivative works based on it, distribute copies of the work, and publicly display or perform the work. When quoting, aim to precisely use the words of the quote. A writer must evaluate both the legal and ethical concerns involved in modifying quotes. â€Å"My opinion is that a journalist should never modify quotes,† Walker says, â€Å"The definition of modifying could be either unprofessional or illegal, depending on how much liberty the writer takes in modifying.† Walker asserts that though it’s not optimal professional form, modification is usually legal if it doesn’t materially alter a source’s statement. The Supreme Court weighed in on this issue in Masson v. New Yorker Magazine. That case involved an outspoken Mr. Masson, the director of the Sigmund Freud Archives. Masson became disenchanted with Freudian theory, was fired from his position, and subsequently granted an interview to the New Yorker Magazine. The writer paraphrased and inferred Masson’s rather unflattering statements, placing these paraphrases within quotation marks. Masson sued the magazine for defamation, while New Yorker argued that its statements were protected under the First Amendment. The Supreme Court disagreed, ruling that the First Amendment’s free expression clause does not protect distortions of quotes. Nevertheless, writers do have some leeway in printing material with minor factual inaccuracies. Under the substantial truth test, a writer can get away with conveying minor factual inaccuracies as long as those statements don’t materially alter the substance of the source’s communication. In addition to factual content, it’s just as import to maintain proper context for the quote. This rule trips up everyone from students to famous journalists. For instance, John Stossel anchored a story purporting that televangelist Fred Price misused funds intended for his religious organization. On the 20/20 piece, Price is shown saying, â€Å"I live in a 25-room mansion. I have my own $6 million yacht. I have my own private jet, and I have my own helicopter, and I have seven luxury automobiles.† Price did say these words. However, he said them during a sermon illustrating a hypothetical person whereas ABC insinuated that he was speaking of his own wealth. The inevitable lawsuit followed, and the parties settled out of court. If you’re worried about publishing a controversial story, remember that truth is a defense against defamation.Tweet this So, if you’re sharing factual, research-based claims, you’re protecting yourself against allegations of libel or slander. Stick to a Fair Use Policy Fair use allows limited use of copyrighted material without asking permission. If you’re commenting on, criticizing, or parodying material, it usually falls under fair use policy and you are not likely to be found liable for copyright infringement. The fair use statute looks at four factors in determining fair use: Purpose and character of the use (commercial, educational)Nature of the copyrighted workAmount of the work used in relation to the copyrighted work as a wholeEffect on market value of the copyrighted work. In the famous 1841 copyright case that provided the basis for Fair Use laws, Judge Joseph Story said, â€Å"Patents and copyrights approach, nearer than any other class of cases belonging to forensic discussions, to what may be called the metaphysics of law, where the distinctions are, or at least may be, very subtle and refined, and, sometimes, almost evanescent. But, to distill the message of the wordy Judge Story, what are those distinctions? How much copyrighted material can you quote before eclipsing fair use? Unfortunately, there are no firm guidelines. In general, the more material you use, the less likely it is to be considered fair use. If you’re eclipsing 50% of borrowed material, appealing to the same market as the original work, and negatively affecting the original work’s economic gain, crying â€Å"fair use† probably won’t get you far. On the other hand, if you quote only a small amount of material, use it in a work substantially different from the original, and appeal to a different market, you likely have a solid defense against copyright infringement. Finally, a Freebie Good news! There is one source that isn’t going to try to sue you for pulling its quotesthe public domain. The public owns these works, and anyone can use them without getting permissions. Works enter the public domain through: Copyright expiringCopyright owner failing to renew its copyrightCopyright owner placing the work in the public domainInapplicable copyright law The bottom line in principles of copyright law? The law is still evolving with a rapidly-changing digital media landscape. If you use third-party content without permission, you risk a lawsuit. But if you walk out your door in America, you risk a lawsuit. So adhere to stringent professional ethics, write or broadcast with integrity, and balance these principles with basic media law knowledge. Not only will you be able to look yourself in the mirror, you’ll put yourself in a good position to defend against possible claims. *The information presented here is intended for informational purposes only. Copyright law differs by state, and you should consult a knowledgeable copyright attorney with specific legal questions. The information presented here is not a substitute for consulting a licensed attorney for specific legal advice.

Computer Technologies essays

Computer Technologies essays At the end of the Cold War computer technology was on the verge of new era. Glocal satellite communications and the Internet opened a new portal to the world and if the U.S. Navy wanted to stay the dominant power to control the seas it had to take advantage of every technological advancement and innovative idea. Organizing a private intranet network incorporated with web applications and technology quickly became the backbone of global and local Navy vessell coordination and synchronization. High-tech multitask computers became the core of projects for new Navy ships where their use made the crew volume decrease by a hundred, a hundred and fifty percent. Also the versatility of cumputer and web applications allows the Department of Navy to stay just inside its budget, which is declining every year, by the integration of comercial everyday software into their systems to help the Navy build their global computer network. Applications like these, some of which people even use in their h omes, saves the Navy money by not having to purchase and design special software for military-only purpose. The most significant and impactful project for the network centralization of the Navy using modern computer technology is the "Information Technology for the 21st Century" project also called IT-21. Ever since its deployment the IT-21 quickly gave favorable results and promising future, and one of the most valuable benefits from it, was the coordination of vessels to conduct massive operations: : "This first IT-21 deployment was a revolution in connectivity for cruiser-destroyer (CruDes) units. The combination of enhanced IT systems, expanded connectivity paths, and power projection placed them in a prominent role during the execution of Tomahawk strikes in support of Operation Allied Force in May and April 1999. A group consisting of a guided-missile cruiser, guided-missile destroyer, destroyer, and two attack submarines conducted the initial p...

Siege of Charleston in the American Revolution

Siege of Charleston in the American Revolution The Siege of Charleston took place from March 29 to May 12, 1780, during the American Revolution (1775-1783) and came about after a change in British strategy. Shifting their focus to the southern colonies, the British first captured Savannah, GA in 1778 before mounting a major expedition against Charleston, SC in 1780. Landing,  Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton conducted a brief campaign that drove American forces under Major General Benjamin Lincoln back into the Charleston. Conducting a siege of the city, Clinton compelled Lincoln to surrender. The defeat resulted in one of the largest single surrenders of American troops and created a strategic crisis in the South for the Continental Congress. Background In 1779, Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clinton began making plans for an attack on the Southern colonies. This was largely encouraged by a belief that Loyalist support in the region was strong and would facilitate its recapture. Clinton had attempted to capture Charleston, SC in June 1776, however the mission failed when Admiral Sir Peter Parkers naval forces were repulsed by fire from Colonel William Moultries men at Fort Sullivan (later Fort Moultrie). The first move of the new British campaign was the capture of Savannah, GA. Arriving with a force of 3,500 men, Lieutenant Colonel Archibald Campbell took the city without a fight on December 29, 1778. French and American forces under Major General Benjamin Lincoln laid siege to the city on September 16, 1779. Assaulting the British works a month later, Lincolns men were repulsed and the siege failed. On December 26, 1779, Clinton left 15,000 men under General Wilhelm von Knyphausen in New York to hold General George Washingtons army at bay and sailed south with 14 warships and 90 transports for another attempt on Charleston. Overseen by Vice Admiral Mariot Arbuthnot, the fleet carried an expeditionary force of around 8,500 men. Armies Commanders Americans Major General Benjamin LincolnCommodore Abraham Whipple5,500 men British Lieutenant General Sir Henry Clintonrising to 10,000-14,000 men Coming Ashore Shortly after putting to sea, Clintons fleet was beset by a series of intense storms which scattered his ships. Regrouping off Tybee Roads, Clinton landed a small diversionary force in Georgia before sailing north with the bulk of the fleet to Edisto Inlet approximately 30 miles south of Charleston. This pause also saw Lieutenant Colonel Banastre Tarleton and Major Patrick Ferguson go ashore to secure new mounts for Clintons cavalry as many of the horses that had been loaded in New York had suffered injuries at sea. Unwilling to attempt forcing the harbor as in 1776, he ordered his army to begin landing on Simmons Island on February 11 and planned to approach the city by an overland route. Three days later British forces advanced on Stono Ferry but withdrew upon spotting American troops. Returning the next day, they found the ferry abandoned. Fortifying the area, they pressed on towards Charleston and crossed to James Island. In late February, Clintons men skirmished with American forces led by Chevalier Pierre-Franà §ois Vernier and Lieutenant Colonel Francis Marion. Through the rest of the month and into early March, the British wrested control of James Island and captured Fort Johnson which guarded the southern approaches to Charleston harbor. With control of the southern side of the harbor secured, on March 10, Clintons second in command, Major General Lord Charles Cornwallis, crossed to the mainland with British forces via Wappoo Cut (Map). American Preparations Advancing up the Ashley River, the British secured a series of plantations, such as Middleton Place and Drayton Hall, as American troops watched from the north bank. While Clintons army moved along the river, Lincoln worked to prepare Charleston to withstand a siege. He was aided in this by Governor John Rutledge who ordered 600 slaves to construct new fortifications across the neck between the Ashley and Cooper Rivers. This was fronted by a defensive canal. Only possessing 1,100 Continentals and 2,500 militia, Lincoln lacked the numbers to face Clinton in the field. Supporting the army were four Continental Navy ships under Commodore Abraham Whipple as well as four South Carolina Navy vessels and two French ships. Not believing he could defeat the Royal Navy in the harbor, Whipple first withdrew his squadron behind a log boom which protected the entrance to the Cooper River before later transferring their guns to the land defenses and scuttling his ships. Though Lincoln questioned these actions, Whipples decisions were backed by a naval board. In addition, the American commander would be reinforced on April 7 by the arrival of Brigadier General William Woodfords 750 Virginia Continentals which raised his total strength to 5,500. The arrival of these men was offset by British reinforcements under Lord Rawdon which increased Clintons army to between 10,000-14,000. The City Invested Having been reinforced, Clinton crossed the Ashley under the cover of fog on March 29. Advancing on the Charleston defenses, the British began constructing siege lines on April 2. Two days later, the British constructed redoubts to protect the flanks of their siege line while also working to pull a small warship across the neck to the Cooper River. On April 8, the British fleet ran past the guns of Fort Moultrie and entered the harbor. Despite these setbacks, Lincoln retained contact with the outside via the north shore of the Cooper River (Map). With the situation rapidly decaying, Rutledge escaped the city on April 13. Moving to completely isolate the city, Clinton ordered Tarleton to take a force to sweep away Brigadier General Isaac Hugers small command at Moncks Corner to the north. Attacking on at 3:00 AM on April 14, Tarleton surprised and routed the Americans. After the fighting, Vernier was killed by Tarletons men despite asking for quarter. It was the first of several brutal actions taken by Tarletons men during the campaign. With the loss of this crossroads, Clinton secured the north bank of the Cooper River when Tarleton joined with Lieutenant Colonel James Websters command. This combined force advanced down the river to within six miles of the city and cut off Lincolns line of retreat. Understanding the severity of the situation, Lincoln called a council of war. Though advised to continue defending the city, he instead elected to parley with Clinton on April 21. In the meeting, Lincoln offered to evacuate the city if his men were permitted to depart. With the enemy trapped, Clinton immediately refused this request. Tightening the Noose Following this meeting, a massive artillery exchange ensued. On April 24, American forces sortied against the British siege lines but to little effect. Five days later, the British began operations against the dam that held the water in the defensive canal. Heavy fighting began as the Americans sought to protect the dam. Despite their best efforts, it was nearly drained by May 6 opening the way for a British assault. Lincolns situation further worsened when Fort Moultrie fell to British forces under Colonel Robert Arbuthnot. On May 8, Clinton demanded that the Americans unconditionally surrender. Refusing, Lincoln again attempted to negotiate for an evacuation. Again denying this request, Clinton began a heavy bombardment the following day. Continuing into the night, the British pounded the American lines. This, coupled with the use of hot shot a few days later, which set several buildings on fire, broke the spirit of the citys civic leaders who began pressing Lincoln to surrender. Seeing no other option, Lincoln contacted Clinton on May 11 and marched out of the city to surrender the following day.   Aftermath The defeat at Charleston was a disaster for American forces in the South and saw the elimination of the Continental Army in the region. In the fighting, Lincoln lost 92 killed and 148 wounded, and 5,266 captured. The surrender at Charleston ranks as the US Armys third largest surrender behind the Fall of Bataan (1942) and Battle of Harpers Ferry (1862). British casualties before Charleston numbered 76 killed and 182 wounded. Departing Charleston for New York in June, Clinton turned over command at Charleston to Cornwallis who quickly began establishing outposts across the interior. In the wake of the citys loss, Tarleton inflicted another defeat on the Americans at Waxhaws on May 29. Scrambling to recover, Congress dispatched the victor of Saratoga, Major General Horatio Gates, south with fresh troops. Rashly advancing, he was routed by Cornwallis at Camden in August. The American situation in the southern colonies did not begin stabilize until the arrival of Major General Nathanael Greene that fall. Under Greene, American forces inflicted heavy losses on Cornwallis at Guilford Court House in March 1781 and worked to regain the interior from the British.

American Revolution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

American Revolution - Essay Example Ramsay feels that the power of constitutional amendment is a great political innovation because through it people are able to make changes in the laws enshrined in the Constitution. The power of constitutional amendment in America will also help in ending all sorts of oppression.2) Why does Winthrop believe that a bill of rights is in the Constitution? Winthrop argues that the bill of rights is important in constitution making. He believes that the bill of rights helps in proper and efficient legislation since civil rights and freedom are respected during legislation. The bill of rights ensures the protection of minority in a republic. The protection also ensures equity in power sharing and inclusion of minorities in decision-making.3) How do Ramsay and Winthrop differ concerning how the principle of representation operates in the United States?Ramsay and Winthrop tend to differ regarding the operation of the American principle of presentation. Ramsay argues that the people determine the activities of the arms of the legislative body (Ramsay 176). The people elect the representatives who have good interests, while Winthrop argues that it is not possible for different states to come together and allow administration by one legislative system. He says this may lead to an oppressive rule (Tyranny) since large states will want to dominate the administrative system. Many states have suffered negative impact such as the Spanish provinces that collapsed due to improper administration.